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GCSE Biology > Hormones Paper 2 > Flashcards

Hormones Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood is transported to the kidney vía what artery

A

Renal artery

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2
Q

Blood leaves the kidneys via the

A

Renal vein

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3
Q

Renal artery vs renal vein

A

Renal artery brings blood to kidneys
Renal vein takes blood away from kidneys

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4
Q

What 3 things does urine contain

A

Excess Water
Urea
Excess ions

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5
Q

2 main poisonous waste products

A

Urea
Carbon dioxide

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6
Q

Where is urea made

A

Liver
(Ammonia is made from deamination but is toxic so is immediately converted into urea)

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7
Q

What is ammonia immediately converted into that can be safely excreted from the body

A

Urea

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8
Q

What is deamination

A

Process in liver where amino group is removed from amino acids to form ammonia

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9
Q

What hormone controls water concentration

A

ADH (secreted by pituitary gland)

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10
Q

3 ways body can lose water

A

Lungs (exhaling)
Urine
Sweating

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11
Q

When blood enters the kidneys via the renal artery which 4 key substances are involved in selective reabsorbtion

A

Glucose (all reabsorbed back into blood)
Urea (none reabsorbed back into blood)
Water (some reabsorbed back into blood)
Mineral ions (some reabsorbed back into blood)

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12
Q

What is selective re absorption in the kidneys

A

When blood passes through the kidneys all small substances (ions, water, urea, glucose) are absorbed by the tubules
Certain amounts are reabsorbed back in the blood e.g all glucose and no urea, some ions and some water to maintain normal levels of these substances in the blood
Anything not reabsorbed is produced as urine

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13
Q

How does kidney dialysis work

A

Patient attached to machine where blood passes through semi permeable membrane with dialysis fluid (normal water and mineral ion concentration and no urea) on other side
All urea diffuses out of blood into dialysis fluid
Some mineral ions and water diffuse out of blood
Concentration in patients blood returns to normal

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14
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of kidney dialysis

A

Good:
Always machine available
Bad:
Expensive
Patient must go to hospital several times a week (inconvenient)
Must have controlled diet (not too much protein)

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15
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplant

A

Good:
Patient can have normal life
Bad:
Shortage of donors
Can be rejected by immune system (must take immunosuppressant drugs)

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16
Q

Facts about testosterone

A

Main male reproductive hormone
Produced by testes
Stimulates sperm production

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17
Q

What is puberty

A

Period in which adolescents start to develop secondary sex characteristics (e.g facial hair and breasts) which is triggered by reproductive hormones

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18
Q

Which hormones trigger puberty

A

Reproductive hormones (mainly oestrogen in girls and testosterone in boys)

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19
Q

Average length of menstrual cycle

A

28 days

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20
Q

4 key hormones involved in menstrual cycle

A

LH
FSH
Progesterone
Oestrogen

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21
Q

Facts about stage 1 of menstrual cycle

A

4 days
Menstruation occurs (bleeding)
Uterus lining breaks down

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22
Q

Facts about stage 2 of menstrual cycle

A

Uterus lining builds up and thickens
Day 5-13

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23
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of

A

Glands that secrete hormones (chemical messengers) into the bloodstream

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24
Q

Where does the blood carry hormones to once they’ve been secreted by the gland

A

A target organ where an effect is produced

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25
Q

Role of pituitary gland

A

Secretes several hormones into the blood which act on other glands to stimulate the release of other hormones and bring about effects

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26
Q

2 key things thyroxine is important for

A

Growth and development

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27
Q

Thyroxine controls what

A

Basal metabolic rate

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28
Q

What happens when thyroxine levels In bloodstream are low

A

Hypothalamus releases TRH
Causes Pituitary gland to release TSH
Thyroid gland releases more thyroxine
Thyroxine levels turn to normal

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29
Q

3 uses of giberellins

A

End seed dormancy
Promote flowering
Increase fruit size

30
Q

Which plant hormone
Ends seed dormancy
Increases fruit size
Promotes flowering

A

Giberellins

31
Q

Role of ethene plant hormone

A

Control ripening of fruit (during storage and transport)

32
Q

Which plant hormone controls ripening of fruit

A

Ethene

33
Q

3 uses of plant hormone auxin (not phototropism and gravitropism)

A

Weed killer
Rooting powder
Promoting growth in tissue cultures

34
Q

Which plant hormone is used in rooting powder, weed killer and promoting growth in tissue cultures

A

Auxins

35
Q

What is phototropism

A

Orientation and growth of plant in response to light

36
Q

What is gravitropism

A

Growth of plants in response to gravity

37
Q

Positive vs negative tropism

A

Positive- grow towards stimulus
Negatives grow away from stimulus

38
Q

Name for response to light in plant stem

A

Positive phototropism
(Plant stem grows towards light)

39
Q

Name for response to light in plant root

A

Negative phototropism
(Roots grow away from light)

40
Q

How do auxins travel to other parts in plant from tips of stems and roots

A

Diffusion

41
Q

Where are auxins made in a plant

A

Tips of growing stems and roots

42
Q

Name for when plant stem grows against force of gravity

A

Negative gravitropism

43
Q

Name for when plant roots grow in direction of force of gravity

A

Positive gravitropism

44
Q

In the plant stem does more auxin cause more or less growth

A

More

45
Q

In a plant root does more auxin cause more or less growth

A

Less

46
Q

3 disadvantages of IVF

A

Emotionally and physically stressful
Low success rate
Often leads to multiple births which can be a risk for the mother and babies

Also some people think it’s unethical (not all embryos transferred into uterus so some are destroyed)
Expensive

47
Q

2 hormones used in drug for to treat infertility

A

FSH
LH

48
Q

How does IVF work

A

Mother given FSH and LH to stimulate maturation of eggs
Eggs collected from mother and fertilised by sperm from father (in a laboratory)
Fertilised eggs develop into embryos
1- 2 embryos inserted into mother’s uterus when the embryos are still tiny balls of cells

49
Q

Oral contraceptive meaning

A

Form of contraception that contains hormones to inhibit FSH production so no eggs mature

50
Q

Oral contraceptives contain hormones that inhibit the production of what

A

FSH
So that no eggs mature

51
Q

Role of FSH (not interaction with other hormones)

A

Causes eggs to mature

52
Q

Key example of oral contraception (contains hormones to inhibit production of FSH so no eggs mature)

A

Contraceptive pill

53
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of contraceptive pill

A

Highly affective (good)
Must take it every day (bad)

54
Q

2 categories for hormonal contraception

A

Oral contraceptives (contain hormones to inhibit production of FSH so no eggs mature e.g contraceptive pill)
Slow release of progesterone in injection/ implant/ skin patch (inhibits maturing and release of eggs)

55
Q

3 examples of hormonal contraceptives that slowly releases progesterone to inhibit maturing and release of eggs

A

Implant
Injection
Skin patch

56
Q

Advantage of implant/ skin patch/ injection (contains slow release of progesterone to inhibit eggs from maturing and being released) over the contraceptive pill

A

More convenient than taking daily pill

57
Q

One key disadvantage of all hormonal forms of contraception (including skin patch/ injection/ implant + pill (oral contraceptive)

A

Don’t protect against STIs e.g HIV

58
Q

Contraception meaning

A

Act of preventing pregnancy
(But not all forms of contraception protect against STIs)

59
Q

Examples of non hormonal forms of contraception

A

Barrier methods (condom/ diaphragm)
Intrauterine devices (IUD)
Spermicides
Sterilisation (surgical forms)
Abstinence (no sexual intercourse)

60
Q

How does an IUD work as contraception

A

Prevents embryo from implanting in uterus
Can release hormones like oral contraceptives

61
Q

How do diaphragm and condom work as forms of contraception

A

Prevent sperm reaching the egg

62
Q

How sterilisation (surgical forms of contraception) work

A

Prevents egg from reaching uterus (in women)
Prevents sperm leaving penis (in men)

63
Q

How spermicides work as form of contraception

A

Kill/ disable sperm

64
Q

Which types of contraception can cause side effects

A

Any hormonal types e.g oral contraceptives (contraceptive pill) and skin patch/ injection/ implant

65
Q

What releases FSH and LH

A

Pituitary gland

66
Q

Role of LH (not interaction with other hormones)

A

Stimulates release of mature eggs from ovaries (ovulation)

67
Q

What is ovulation

A

Release of mature eggs from ovaries

68
Q

Role of oestrogen (not interaction with other hormones)

A

Cause lining off uterus wall to thicken

69
Q

Role of progesterone (not interaction with other hormones)

A

Maintains thick uterus lining

70
Q

How different hormones interact with each other in menstrual cycle

A

FSH stimulates oestrogen
Oestrogen stimulates LH
Oestrogen inhibits FSH
Progesterone inhibits FSH and LH

(All inhibits/ stimulates mean stimulate/ inhibit the release of)

GCSE Biology (21 decks)

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