Hormones Paper 2

Question 1

Blood is transported to the kidney vía what artery

Answer 1

Renal artery

Question 2

Blood leaves the kidneys via the

Answer 2

Renal vein

Question 3

Renal artery vs renal vein

Answer 3

Renal artery brings blood to kidneys
Renal vein takes blood away from kidneys

Question 4

What 3 things does urine contain

Answer 4

Excess Water
Urea
Excess ions

Question 5

2 main poisonous waste products

Answer 5

Urea
Carbon dioxide

Question 6

Where is urea made

Answer 6

Liver
(Ammonia is made from deamination but is toxic so is immediately converted into urea)

Question 7

What is ammonia immediately converted into that can be safely excreted from the body

Answer 7

Urea

Question 8

What is deamination

Answer 8

Process in liver where amino group is removed from amino acids to form ammonia

Question 9

What hormone controls water concentration

Answer 9

ADH (secreted by pituitary gland)

Question 10

3 ways body can lose water

Answer 10

Lungs (exhaling)
Urine
Sweating

Question 11

When blood enters the kidneys via the renal artery which 4 key substances are involved in selective reabsorbtion

Answer 11

Glucose (all reabsorbed back into blood)
Urea (none reabsorbed back into blood)
Water (some reabsorbed back into blood)
Mineral ions (some reabsorbed back into blood)

Question 12

What is selective re absorption in the kidneys

Answer 12

When blood passes through the kidneys all small substances (ions, water, urea, glucose) are absorbed by the tubules
Certain amounts are reabsorbed back in the blood e.g all glucose and no urea, some ions and some water to maintain normal levels of these substances in the blood
Anything not reabsorbed is produced as urine

Question 13

How does kidney dialysis work

Answer 13

Patient attached to machine where blood passes through semi permeable membrane with dialysis fluid (normal water and mineral ion concentration and no urea) on other side
All urea diffuses out of blood into dialysis fluid
Some mineral ions and water diffuse out of blood
Concentration in patients blood returns to normal

Question 14

Advantages and disadvantages of kidney dialysis

Answer 14

Good:
Always machine available
Bad:
Expensive
Patient must go to hospital several times a week (inconvenient)
Must have controlled diet (not too much protein)

Question 15

Advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplant

Answer 15

Good:
Patient can have normal life
Bad:
Shortage of donors
Can be rejected by immune system (must take immunosuppressant drugs)

Question 16

Facts about testosterone

Answer 16

Main male reproductive hormone
Produced by testes
Stimulates sperm production

Question 17

What is puberty

Answer 17

Period in which adolescents start to develop secondary sex characteristics (e.g facial hair and breasts) which is triggered by reproductive hormones

Question 18

Which hormones trigger puberty

Answer 18

Reproductive hormones (mainly oestrogen in girls and testosterone in boys)

Question 19

Average length of menstrual cycle

Answer 19

28 days

Question 20

4 key hormones involved in menstrual cycle

Answer 20

LH
FSH
Progesterone
Oestrogen

Question 21

Facts about stage 1 of menstrual cycle

Answer 21

4 days
Menstruation occurs (bleeding)
Uterus lining breaks down

Question 22

Facts about stage 2 of menstrual cycle

Answer 22

Uterus lining builds up and thickens
Day 5-13

Question 23

What is the endocrine system composed of

Answer 23

Glands that secrete hormones (chemical messengers) into the bloodstream

Question 24

Where does the blood carry hormones to once they’ve been secreted by the gland

Answer 24

A target organ where an effect is produced

Question 25

Role of pituitary gland

Answer 25

Secretes several hormones into the blood which act on other glands to stimulate the release of other hormones and bring about effects

Question 26

2 key things thyroxine is important for

Answer 26

Growth and development

Question 27

Thyroxine controls what

Answer 27

Basal metabolic rate

Question 28

What happens when thyroxine levels In bloodstream are low

Answer 28

Hypothalamus releases TRH Causes Pituitary gland to release TSH Thyroid gland releases more thyroxine Thyroxine levels turn to normal

Question 29

3 uses of giberellins

Answer 29

End seed dormancy Promote flowering Increase fruit size

Question 30

Which plant hormone Ends seed dormancy Increases fruit size Promotes flowering

Answer 30

Giberellins

Question 31

Role of ethene plant hormone

Answer 31

Control ripening of fruit (during storage and transport)

Question 32

Which plant hormone controls ripening of fruit

Answer 32

Ethene

Question 33

3 uses of plant hormone auxin (not phototropism and gravitropism)

Answer 33

Weed killer Rooting powder Promoting growth in tissue cultures

Question 34

Which plant hormone is used in rooting powder, weed killer and promoting growth in tissue cultures

Answer 34

Auxins

Question 35

What is phototropism

Answer 35

Orientation and growth of plant in response to light

Question 36

What is gravitropism

Answer 36

Growth of plants in response to gravity

Question 37

Positive vs negative tropism

Answer 37

Positive- grow towards stimulus Negatives grow away from stimulus

Question 38

Name for response to light in plant stem

Answer 38

Positive phototropism (Plant stem grows towards light)

Question 39

Name for response to light in plant root

Answer 39

Negative phototropism (Roots grow away from light)

Question 40

How do auxins travel to other parts in plant from tips of stems and roots

Answer 40

Diffusion

Question 41

Where are auxins made in a plant

Answer 41

Tips of growing stems and roots

Question 42

Name for when plant stem grows against force of gravity

Answer 42

Negative gravitropism

Question 43

Name for when plant roots grow in direction of force of gravity

Answer 43

Positive gravitropism

Question 44

In the plant stem does more auxin cause more or less growth

Answer 44

More

Question 45

In a plant root does more auxin cause more or less growth

Answer 45

Less

Question 46

3 disadvantages of IVF

Answer 46

Emotionally and physically stressful Low success rate Often leads to multiple births which can be a risk for the mother and babies Also some people think it's unethical (not all embryos transferred into uterus so some are destroyed) Expensive

Question 47

2 hormones used in drug for to treat infertility

Answer 47

FSH LH

Question 48

How does IVF work

Answer 48

Mother given FSH and LH to stimulate maturation of eggs Eggs collected from mother and fertilised by sperm from father (in a laboratory) Fertilised eggs develop into embryos 1- 2 embryos inserted into mother's uterus when the embryos are still tiny balls of cells

Question 49

Oral contraceptive meaning

Answer 49

Form of contraception that contains hormones to inhibit FSH production so no eggs mature

Question 50

Oral contraceptives contain hormones that inhibit the production of what

Answer 50

FSH So that no eggs mature

Question 51

Role of FSH (not interaction with other hormones)

Answer 51

Causes eggs to mature

Question 52

Key example of oral contraception (contains hormones to inhibit production of FSH so no eggs mature)

Answer 52

Contraceptive pill

Question 53

Advantages and disadvantages of contraceptive pill

Answer 53

Highly affective (good) Must take it every day (bad)

Question 54

2 categories for hormonal contraception

Answer 54

Oral contraceptives (contain hormones to inhibit production of FSH so no eggs mature e.g contraceptive pill) Slow release of progesterone in injection/ implant/ skin patch (inhibits maturing and release of eggs)

Question 55

3 examples of hormonal contraceptives that slowly releases progesterone to inhibit maturing and release of eggs

Answer 55

Implant Injection Skin patch

Question 56

Advantage of implant/ skin patch/ injection (contains slow release of progesterone to inhibit eggs from maturing and being released) over the contraceptive pill

Answer 56

More convenient than taking daily pill

Question 57

One key disadvantage of all hormonal forms of contraception (including skin patch/ injection/ implant + pill (oral contraceptive)

Answer 57

Don't protect against STIs e.g HIV

Question 58

Contraception meaning

Answer 58

Act of preventing pregnancy (But not all forms of contraception protect against STIs)

Question 59

Examples of non hormonal forms of contraception

Answer 59

Barrier methods (condom/ diaphragm) Intrauterine devices (IUD) Spermicides Sterilisation (surgical forms) Abstinence (no sexual intercourse)

Question 60

How does an IUD work as contraception

Answer 60

Prevents embryo from implanting in uterus Can release hormones like oral contraceptives

Question 61

How do diaphragm and condom work as forms of contraception

Answer 61

Prevent sperm reaching the egg

Question 62

How sterilisation (surgical forms of contraception) work

Answer 62

Prevents egg from reaching uterus (in women) Prevents sperm leaving penis (in men)

Question 63

How spermicides work as form of contraception

Answer 63

Kill/ disable sperm

Question 64

Which types of contraception can cause side effects

Answer 64

Any hormonal types e.g oral contraceptives (contraceptive pill) and skin patch/ injection/ implant

Question 65

What releases FSH and LH

Answer 65

Pituitary gland

Question 66

Role of LH (not interaction with other hormones)

Answer 66

Stimulates release of mature eggs from ovaries (ovulation)

Question 67

What is ovulation

Answer 67

Release of mature eggs from ovaries

Question 68

Role of oestrogen (not interaction with other hormones)

Answer 68

Cause lining off uterus wall to thicken

Question 69

Role of progesterone (not interaction with other hormones)

Answer 69

Maintains thick uterus lining

Question 70

How different hormones interact with each other in menstrual cycle

Answer 70

FSH stimulates oestrogen Oestrogen stimulates LH Oestrogen inhibits FSH Progesterone inhibits FSH and LH (All inhibits/ stimulates mean stimulate/ inhibit the release of)