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GCSE Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cell is a potato cell

A

Root hair cell

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2
Q

As organisms get larger does their surface area to volume ratio increase or decrease

A

Decreases
E.g a cow has a small surface area to volume ratio but a mushroom has a large surface area to volume ratio

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3
Q

What does a small surface area to volume ratio mean

A

Less surface area compared to their volume

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4
Q

What does a high/ big surface area to volume ratio mean

A

More surface area available in comparison to their volume

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5
Q

Do bacteria have a low or high surface area to volume ratio

A

High
(Lots of surface area compared to their volume)

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6
Q

Do cows have a high or low surface area to volume ratio

A

Low
Not much surface area in comparison to volume

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7
Q

Which is a larger surface area to volume ratio 6:1 or 2:1

A

6:1 as there is more surface area (6) compared to volume (1)

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8
Q

Why can’t humans rely on diffusion for all of our needs but bacteria can

A

Bacteria have high surface area to volume ratio so can rely on diffusion across their surface to exchange everything they need

Humans have a low surface area to volume ratio so diffusion across our surface alone isn’t enough to exchange everything we need

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9
Q

True or false, in organisms with a low surface area to volume ratio, the diffusion distance is too large to meet the demands of the cell/ organism

A

True e.g humans
(That’s why we have transport systems inside us e.g respiratory system)

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10
Q

Why do organisms with a higher surface area to volume ratio have a greater metabolic rate

A

More surface area to lose heat from so will lose heat more quickly
Will need greater rate of respiration (part of metabolism) to generate heat to keep itself warm

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11
Q

What is the relative size of a bacterial cell

A

0.2-2 micrometres

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12
Q

What is the relative size of an animal cell

A

10-30 micrometres

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13
Q

What is the relative size of a plant cell

A

10-100 micrometres

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14
Q

Which tend to be bigger plant or animal cells

A

Plant

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15
Q

List all parts of prokaryotic (bacterial) cell

A

Slime capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, cytoplasm, plasmid, ribosomes, genetic material

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16
Q

Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic (bacterial) cell

A

Plasmid
(Small loop of DNA)

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17
Q

Where is genetic information found in a prokaryotic (bacterial) cell

A

Genetic material
Plasmid (small loop of DNA)

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18
Q

True or false, bacterial cells contain mitochondria and ribosomes

A

False
They only contain ribosomes

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19
Q

3x Sperm cell adaptations

A

Long tail- helps it swim through water to reach egg cell and fertilise it
Middle section- full of mitochondria to release energy that it needs to swim to reach egg cell
Acrosome- stores digestive enzymes to break down outer layers of egg

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20
Q

Purpose of acrosome in sperm cell

A

Contains digestive enzymes to break down outer layer of egg cell

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21
Q

Purpose of middle section in sperm cell

A

Contains lots of mitochondria to release lots of energy needed to swim and reach egg cell

22
Q

2x adaptations of nerve cell

A

Nerve endings (synapses) contain lots of mitochondria- provide energy to make transmitter chemicals which then pass impulses to other cells
Branched endings (dendrites)- make connections with other neurones and effectors
Fatty sheath- insulates nerve cell to speed up impulses

23
Q

Why do synapses (nerve endings of nerve cells) contain lots of mitochondria

A

Release energy needed to make transmitter chemicals which then pass impulses to other cells

24
Q

Purpose of branched endings (dendrites) of nerve cells

A

Send electrical impulses to neurones and effectors (make connections to other nerve cells)

25
Q

2x adaptations of muscle cells

A

Contain lots of mitochondria to release energy for contraction
Contain protein fibres- contract and make cell shorter

26
Q

Which type of stem cell In humans (+ meristem cells) can differentiate into any type of cell

A

Embryonic

27
Q

True or false, meristem cells can differentiate into any type of cell at any point in their lifetime and can re differentiate

A

True

28
Q

Difference in resolution between light and electron microscope

A

Electron microscope has higher resolution

29
Q

Why do red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape

A

Increase surface area to volume ratio (maximise surface area) for more space for Haemoglobin to bind to as much oxygen as possible

30
Q

Magnification=

A

Image/ actual size

31
Q

What part of root hair cells gives it large surface area

A

Long projection

32
Q

High resolution of microscope meaning

A

Can easily distinguish between 2 points

33
Q

True or false, binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction

A

True
(In prokaryotic cells)

34
Q

3 factors affecting rate of diffusion

A

Surface area
Temperature
Concentration gradient

35
Q

How to calculate number of bacteria in population

A

Starting number of bacteria x 2 to the power of number of divisions

36
Q

3 things microorganisms need to grow

A

Food, warmth, oxygen

37
Q

Describe the aseptic technique (growing bacteria without contamination)

A

1) disinfect work surface and hands
2) flame loop and rim/ mouth of containers (if using glass)
3) don’t put lids on surfaces
4) only open Petri dish when necessary
5) use sterile discs
6) Don’t seal whole way round
7) incubate upside down to avoid condensation

38
Q

How fish gills are adapted for effective gas exchange

A

Made up of stacks of filament
Large surface area to increase rate of diffusion
Good blood supply

39
Q

Which types of cell transport require partially permeable membrane

A

Active transport
Osmosis

40
Q

True or false diffusion must have a partially permeable membrane

A

False
It can but doesn’t need to

41
Q

What is a stem cell

A

Undifferentiated cell

42
Q

Name for top lens on miscroscope

A

Eye piece lens
(Because your eye looks through it)

43
Q

One example of active transport in humans

A

Glucose from blood into small instestine

44
Q

Describe process of mitosis

A

DNA replicates (each chromosome becomes a double strand), one set of chromosomes pulled to each end of cell, nucleus divides, number of sub cellular structures increases, cytoplasm and cell membrane divide, produces 2 identical daughter cells

45
Q

Describe process of meiosis

A

In parent cell chromosomes make identical copies of themself, sections of DNA get swapped, pairs of chromosomes divide twice forming 4 non- identical cells (gametes)

46
Q

Compare chromosomes to genes to DNA

A

DNA is a polymer
Small section of DNA is a gene
Genes are contained inside chromosomes

47
Q

What is a gene

A

Small section of DNA

48
Q

For microscopy RPA which objective lens do we usually start with

A

Lowest power

49
Q

How can embryonic stem cells be used to treat diabetes

A

Extract embryonic stem cells from embryo, grow them in a lab, stimulate them to form pancreatic sell’s which produce insulin and inject theses cells into the patient

50
Q

2 negatives of embryonic stem cells

A

Risk of transferring viral infection
Ethical issues

51
Q

3 reasons adult stem cells are better than embryonic

A

Not unethical
No rejection (white blood cells seeing them as foreign and trying to destroy them) as taken from patient themself
Easier to get hold of

GCSE Biology (21 decks)

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