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Cell Biology and Genetics > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What is genotype?

A

Genetic makeup of individual

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2
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Visible characteristics of an individual

by proteins in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What influences phenotype?

A

Genotype

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4
Q

What are the influences of both genotype and phenotype?

A

Environment

  • radiation
  • diet
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5
Q

How does radiation affect genotype?

A

Causes mutations

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6
Q

How many copies does each individual have of a gene?

A

Two copies

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7
Q

How many alleles does each individual have of a gene?

A

One alleles, both the same
or
two different alleles

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8
Q

How many alleles are there in a population?

A

Many different alleles

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9
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Two alleles of a gene are the same

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10
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Two alleles of a gene are different

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11
Q

What does hemizygous mean?

A

Have only one allele of a gene

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12
Q

What are some examples of genes for which a male is hemizygous?

A

Genes on X chromosomes

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13
Q

What does dominant mean?

A

Allele that expresses itself regardless of other allele

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14
Q

What does recessive mean?

A

Allele that expresses itself only when it is present in both copies of gene

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15
Q

What does co-dominant mean?

A

Two different alleles are equally as dominant, expressed equally in phenotype

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16
Q

What is a classic example of a human co-dominant gene?

A

Human isoglutamin gene

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17
Q

What does the human isoglutamin gene code for?

A

Glycoproteins on surface of red blood cells

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18
Q

What are the three alleles of the human isoglutamin gene?

A

A
B
O

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19
Q

How are the alleles of the human isoglutamin gene expressed?

A

A and B are co-dominant
A is dominant over O
B is dominant over O

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20
Q

What are the different phenotypes of the human isoglutamin gene?

A

Blood group A

Blood group B

Blood group AB

Blood group O

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21
Q

What are the possible genotypes of blood group A phenotype?

A

A A

A O

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22
Q

What are the possible genotypes of blood group B phenotype?

A

B B

B O

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23
Q

What is the genotype of blood group AB phenotype?

24
Q

What is the genotype of blood group O phenotype?

25
How are individuals in a pedigree numbered?
Generations by roman numerals Individuals in a generation by normal numbers
26
What are the different types of inheritance patterns?
Autosomal/sex-linked Recessive/dominant Mitochondrial
27
Who is affected by autosomal recessive diseases?
Homozygous recessives
28
Are males or females affected by autosomal recessive diseases?
Both equally affected
29
What is the chance of two heterozygote parents having an affected offpsring with autosomal recessive diseases?
25% chance
30
What is the chance of two homozygous recessive parents having an affected offspring with autosomal recessive diseases?
100% chance
31
Who is affected by autosomal dominant diseases?
Heterozygous individuals
32
Are males or females affected by autosomal dominant diseases?
Both equally affected
33
What is the chance of a heteroygous individual having affected offspring with autosomal dominant diseases?
50% chance
34
Who is affected by X-linked recessive diseases?
Hemizygous recessive males Homozygous recessive females
35
Are males or females affected by X-linked recessive diseases?
Males more commonly affected
36
What is the chance of a hemizygous recessive male having an affected son with X-linked recessive diseases? Why?
0% chance | males recieve their X chromosome from their mother
37
What is the chance of a heterozygous female having an affected son with X-linked recessive diseases?
50%
38
Who is affected by X-linked dominant diseases?
Hemizygous males Heterozygous females
39
What is the chance of a hemizygous male having an affected daughter with X-linked dominant diseases? Why?
100% | daughters recieve one X chromosome from their father
40
What is the chance of a heterozygous female having an affected offspring with X-linked dominant diseases?
50% chance
41
Who is affected by Y-linked diseases?
Hemizygoys males
42
Are males or females affected by Y-linked diseases? Why?
Only males | only males have Y chromosome, females don't
43
What is the chance of an affected father having an affected son with Y-linked diseases? Why?
100% | sons recieve their Y chromosome from their father
44
How are mitochondria inherited?
From mother to offspring
45
Are males or females affected by mitochondrial disease?
Both equally affected
46
What are the chances of an affected mother having affected offspring with mitochondrial disease?
100%
47
What are the chances of an affected father having affected offspring with mitochondrial disease?
0%
48
What does monogenic mean?
Only one gene involved in producing phenotype
49
What does polygenic mean?
Multiple genes involved in producing phenotype
50
What are linked genes?
Genes on same chromosome
51
What are not-linked genes?
Genes on different chromosomes
52
What are tightly linked genes?
Genes very close together on the same chromosome
53
How are linked genes affected by random assortment?
Don't show random assortment
54
How are tightly linked genes affected by crossing over and recombination? Why?
Less likely to be separated by crossing over and recombination because less space for chiasmata to form in between same allele combinations inherited
55
How are genes far apart on the same chromosome affected by crossing over and recombination?
More likely to be separated by crossing over and recombination because more space for chiasmata to form in between different allele combinations inherited

Cell Biology and Genetics (32 decks)

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