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Cell Biology and Genetics > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is genotype?

A

Genetic makeup of individual

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2
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Visible characteristics of an individual

by proteins in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What influences phenotype?

A

Genotype

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4
Q

What are the influences of both genotype and phenotype?

A

Environment

  • radiation
  • diet
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5
Q

How does radiation affect genotype?

A

Causes mutations

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6
Q

How many copies does each individual have of a gene?

A

Two copies

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7
Q

How many alleles does each individual have of a gene?

A

One alleles, both the same
or
two different alleles

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8
Q

How many alleles are there in a population?

A

Many different alleles

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9
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Two alleles of a gene are the same

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10
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Two alleles of a gene are different

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11
Q

What does hemizygous mean?

A

Have only one allele of a gene

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12
Q

What are some examples of genes for which a male is hemizygous?

A

Genes on X chromosomes

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13
Q

What does dominant mean?

A

Allele that expresses itself regardless of other allele

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14
Q

What does recessive mean?

A

Allele that expresses itself only when it is present in both copies of gene

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15
Q

What does co-dominant mean?

A

Two different alleles are equally as dominant, expressed equally in phenotype

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16
Q

What is a classic example of a human co-dominant gene?

A

Human isoglutamin gene

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17
Q

What does the human isoglutamin gene code for?

A

Glycoproteins on surface of red blood cells

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18
Q

What are the three alleles of the human isoglutamin gene?

A

A
B
O

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19
Q

How are the alleles of the human isoglutamin gene expressed?

A

A and B are co-dominant
A is dominant over O
B is dominant over O

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20
Q

What are the different phenotypes of the human isoglutamin gene?

A

Blood group A

Blood group B

Blood group AB

Blood group O

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21
Q

What are the possible genotypes of blood group A phenotype?

A

A A

A O

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22
Q

What are the possible genotypes of blood group B phenotype?

A

B B

B O

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23
Q

What is the genotype of blood group AB phenotype?

A

A B

24
Q

What is the genotype of blood group O phenotype?

A

O O

25
Q

How are individuals in a pedigree numbered?

A

Generations by roman numerals

Individuals in a generation by normal numbers

26
Q

What are the different types of inheritance patterns?

A

Autosomal/sex-linked

Recessive/dominant

Mitochondrial

27
Q

Who is affected by autosomal recessive diseases?

A

Homozygous recessives

28
Q

Are males or females affected by autosomal recessive diseases?

A

Both equally affected

29
Q

What is the chance of two heterozygote parents having an affected offpsring with autosomal recessive diseases?

A

25% chance

30
Q

What is the chance of two homozygous recessive parents having an affected offspring with autosomal recessive diseases?

A

100% chance

31
Q

Who is affected by autosomal dominant diseases?

A

Heterozygous individuals

32
Q

Are males or females affected by autosomal dominant diseases?

A

Both equally affected

33
Q

What is the chance of a heteroygous individual having affected offspring with autosomal dominant diseases?

A

50% chance

34
Q

Who is affected by X-linked recessive diseases?

A

Hemizygous recessive males

Homozygous recessive females

35
Q

Are males or females affected by X-linked recessive diseases?

A

Males more commonly affected

36
Q

What is the chance of a hemizygous recessive male having an affected son with X-linked recessive diseases? Why?

A

0% chance

males recieve their X chromosome from their mother

37
Q

What is the chance of a heterozygous female having an affected son with X-linked recessive diseases?

A

50%

38
Q

Who is affected by X-linked dominant diseases?

A

Hemizygous males

Heterozygous females

39
Q

What is the chance of a hemizygous male having an affected daughter with X-linked dominant diseases? Why?

A

100%

daughters recieve one X chromosome from their father

40
Q

What is the chance of a heterozygous female having an affected offspring with X-linked dominant diseases?

A

50% chance

41
Q

Who is affected by Y-linked diseases?

A

Hemizygoys males

42
Q

Are males or females affected by Y-linked diseases? Why?

A

Only males

only males have Y chromosome, females don’t

43
Q

What is the chance of an affected father having an affected son with Y-linked diseases? Why?

A

100%

sons recieve their Y chromosome from their father

44
Q

How are mitochondria inherited?

A

From mother to offspring

45
Q

Are males or females affected by mitochondrial disease?

A

Both equally affected

46
Q

What are the chances of an affected mother having affected offspring with mitochondrial disease?

A

100%

47
Q

What are the chances of an affected father having affected offspring with mitochondrial disease?

A

0%

48
Q

What does monogenic mean?

A

Only one gene involved in producing phenotype

49
Q

What does polygenic mean?

A

Multiple genes involved in producing phenotype

50
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes on same chromosome

51
Q

What are not-linked genes?

A

Genes on different chromosomes

52
Q

What are tightly linked genes?

A

Genes very close together on the same chromosome

53
Q

How are linked genes affected by random assortment?

A

Don’t show random assortment

54
Q

How are tightly linked genes affected by crossing over and recombination? Why?

A

Less likely to be separated by crossing over and recombination
because less space for chiasmata to form in between
same allele combinations inherited

55
Q

How are genes far apart on the same chromosome affected by crossing over and recombination?

A

More likely to be separated by crossing over and recombination
because more space for chiasmata to form in between
different allele combinations inherited

Cell Biology and Genetics (32 decks)

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