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Cell Biology and Genetics > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are prokaryotic cells different to a eukaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles

all reactions occur in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacterial cell

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3
Q

What extra structures do bacterial cells have?

A

Cell wall

Capsule

Flagella

Pili, fimbriae

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4
Q

How are eukaryotic cells different to a prokaryotic cell?

A

Have membrane-bound organelles

reactions are organised into these organelles

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5
Q

What are some examples of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal cells

Plant cells

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6
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

A

Head made up of glycerol, phosphate

Tail made up of two fatty acid chains

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7
Q

How do phospholiids react to water? Why?

A

Are amphipathic - have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

Hydrophilic head because is negatively charged

Hydrophobic tails because are non-polar

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8
Q

What arrangements do phospholipids take in water and oil?

A

Form a monolayer with heads pointing towards water, tails pointing towards oil

Form a bilayer with heads pointing towards water, tails pointing to each other

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9
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

proteins embedded in the bilayer

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10
Q

What are the types of arrangements of proteins in the plasma membrane? What do they each mean?

A

Integral - in contact with the hydrophobic core of the bilayer

Peripheral - attached to inner or outer surface of bilayer

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11
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

The oligosaccharide and polysaccharide chains on outside of plasma membrane

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12
Q

What are the oligosaccharride and polysaccharide chains in the glycoclayx attached to? What does this form?

A

Attached to lipid
forms glycolipid

Attached to protein
forms glycoprotein

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13
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Selective permeability

Exocytosis, endocytosis

Signal transduction

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14
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

Lets some molecules through it

but not others

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15
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane mean?

A

Fluid refers to the phospholipid bilayer being flexible

Mosaic refers to the proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

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16
Q

What is the shape of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Flat cisternae

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17
Q

What is attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ribosomes

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18
Q

What is the shape of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Tubular shape

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19
Q

Are ribosomes attached to smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

No

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20
Q

What are the functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Lipid synthesis

Steroid synthesis

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21
Q

Where is smooth endoplasmic reticulum abundant in cells?

A

Liver

Adrenal glands

Ovaries, testes

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22
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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23
Q

Where are ribosomes located in the cell? Where do the proteins they produce go?

A

Cytoplasm, proteins remain there

Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum, proteins pushed into rough endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

What are the two faces of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Cis face

Trans face

25
Q

What does the cis face of the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Recieves transport vesicles from ER

fuses with them

26
Q

What does the trans face of the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Secretory vesicles bud off the trans face

move towards plasma membrane

27
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modify
sort
concentrate
package proteins synthesised on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

28
Q

How do primary and secondary lysosomes look different under a microscope?

A

Primary appears black

Secondary appears grey

29
Q

Where do lysosomes come from?

A

The Golgi apparatus trans face

30
Q

What do lysosomes contain? Give some examples

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

  • proteases
  • lipases
  • glycosidases
31
Q

What is the pH inside a lysosome? How is this brought about?

A

pH = 5

hydrogen ion pump on membrane of lysosome
moves hydrogen ions into the lysosome using energy from ATP —–> ADP + Pi

32
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Fuse with material needing to be digested

break it down

33
Q

What sort of materials do lysosomes digest? In what processes?

A

Digest bacteria
in phagocytosis

Digest cell’s own organelles
in autophagy

34
Q

What types of cells are rich in peroxisomes?

A

Liver cells

Kidney cells

35
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes in liver and kidney cells?

A

Detoxify molecules

e.g. alcohol

36
Q

How do peroxisomes detoxify molecules such as alcohol?

A

Oxidise them to form hydrogen peroxide

react them with hydrogen peroxide to form water

37
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondrion?

A

Double membrane - inner and outer
intermembrane space between the two

Inner membrane is folded into cristae

Matrix fills the space inside the inner membrane

38
Q

What does the matrix contain?

A

Enzymes

Mitochondrial DNA

39
Q

What does the inner membrane contain? Give an example

A

Enzymes for electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
e.g. ATP synthase

40
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Release energy by oxidative phosphorylation

41
Q

What are some examples of cells rich in mitochondria? Why?

A

Cardiac muscle cells

Sperm cells

because they require lots of energy

42
Q

Where are mitochondria located in sperm cells?

A

Wrapped around the tail

43
Q

What can mitochondria do because they contain their own DNA?

A

Can divide independently

44
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Aerobic bacteria taken up into anaerobic cell

aerobic bacteria developed into mitochondria

45
Q

What supports the endosymbiotic theory?

A

DNA and division of mitochondria is similar to bacteria

46
Q

How are mitochondria inherited?

A

From mother to offspring

47
Q

How are actin filaments distributed in the cell?

A

Cortical distribution - meaning edges

48
Q

What type of cell are intermediate filaments common in?

A

Epithelial cells

49
Q

What is the function if intermediate filaments?

A

Form a supporting meshwork

50
Q

Where are intermediate filaments located in the cell?

A

Cytoplasm

Beneath inner nuclear membrane

51
Q

Intermediate filaments beneath the inner nuclear membrane is called what?

A

The nuclear lamina

52
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

Hollow cylinders

made up of protein tubulin

53
Q

Where are microtubules located in the cell?

A

In movable structures
e.g. cilia, flagella
mitotic spindle

54
Q

Where do microtubules arise from in ciliated cells?

A

Basal bodies

55
Q

Where do microtubules arise from in dividing cells?

A

Centrosome

56
Q

How are microtubules arranged in cilia or flagella?

A

9+2 arrangement
9 fused pairs of microtubules around the egde
2 unfused microtubules in the centre

58
Q

Arrange the following filaments in order from thickest to thinnest:

  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
  • actin filaments
A

Actin filaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

59
Q

Where are mitochondria located in cardiac muscle cells?

A

Between myofibrils

Cell Biology and Genetics (32 decks)

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