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Cell Biology and Genetics > DNA structure > Flashcards

DNA structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is chromatin located?

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

When is chromatin seen in the nucleus?

A

When the cell is not dividing

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3
Q

What are the two forms of chromatin?

A

Heretochromatin

Euchromatin

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4
Q

What is the structure of euchromatin?

A

DNA wrapped around histone protein

to form a nucleosome

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5
Q

What is the structure of heterchromatin?

A

Nucleosomes coil up closer to each others

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6
Q

What form of chromatin can gene expression occur with?

A

Euchromatin

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7
Q

How do euchromatin and heterochromatin look different under a light microscope?

A

Euchromatin appears lighter

heterochromatin appears darker

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8
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Heterochromatin is much more tightly packaged

to form chromosomes

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9
Q

When are chromosomes seen in the nucleus?

A

When the cell is dividing

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10
Q

Can gene expression occur with chromosomes?

A

No

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11
Q

What is a gene?

A

Section of DNA that codes for a protein

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12
Q

Where are genes located?

A

Each gene has a specific chromosomal location

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13
Q

What is the genome? In humans?

A

Entire DNA sequence

In humans this is 24 chromosomes
22 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes

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14
Q

What are two examples of nucleic acids?

A

DNA

RNA

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15
Q

What is the structure of nucleic acids?

A

Polynucleotides - lots of nucleotides arranged linearly

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16
Q

What is the structure of nucleotide?

A

Pentose sugar

attached to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate

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17
Q

What is the structure of a nucleoside?

A

Pentose sugar

attached to a nitrogenous base

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18
Q

Which pentose sugar is found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

19
Q

Which pentose sugar is found in RNA?

A

Ribose

20
Q

Which carbon atom of the pentose sugar is joined to the nitrogneous base?

A

1’ carbon atom

21
Q

Which carbon atom of the pentose sugar is joined to the phosphate group?

A

5’ carbon atom

22
Q

What is the difference between 2-deoxyribose and ribose?

A

In 2-deoxyribose, 2’ carbon atom is joined to H

In ribose, 2’ carbon atom is joined to OH

23
Q

What is the bond between the 5’ carbon atom and the phosphate group called?

A

Phosphate ester bond

24
Q

What are the two types of nitrogneous bases? What do they each mean?

A

Purines - have two rings

Pyrimidines - have one ring

25
Q

What are some examples of purines?

A

Adenine

Guanine

26
Q

What are some examples of pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

27
Q

Which bases are found in DNA/RNA?

A

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

28
Q

Which base is found in DNA only?

A

Thymine

29
Q

Which base is found in RNA only?

A

Uracil

30
Q

How are nucleosides named in RNA and DNA?

A

RNA:
base-ine

DNA:
deoxy-base-ine

31
Q

How are nucleotides named in RNA and DNA?

A

RNA:
base-ine monophosphate

DNA:
deoxy-base-ine monophosphate

32
Q

How are nucleotides joined together in DNA?

A

Phosphodiester bond

between 3’ carbon of one nucleotide of phosphate group of next nucleotide

33
Q

What is meant by DNA being polar?

A

Has two distinct ends

phosphate group at one end, 3’ OH at other end

34
Q

What is base pairing?

A

Refers to how complementary bases line up against each other

form hydrogen bonds between them

35
Q

Which bases pair up with each other?

A

A - T
A - U

C - G

36
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between A-T and A-U?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

37
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between C-G?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

38
Q

What is the secondary structure of DNA?

A

Two strands of DNA come together

wind around each other to form a double-helix

39
Q

How do the two strands of DNA relate to each other?

A

Complementary

Anti-parallel

40
Q

What is meant by the two DNA strands being complementary?

A

Their bases are complementary to each other

hydrogen bonds form between them

41
Q

What is meant by the two DNA strands being anti-parallel?

A

Run in opposite directions

one runs from 5’ to 3’, other runs from 3’ to 5’

42
Q

What type of double helix is formed in DNA?

A

Right-handed double helix

43
Q

What is the sugar-phosphate backbone?

A

Refers to how the pentose sugar and phosphate line the outside of the double helix
bases are inside

44
Q

How is a DNA sequence written?

A

Top strand - 5’ to 3’

Bottom strang - 3’ to 5’

Cell Biology and Genetics (32 decks)

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