Inguinal

Question 1

Explain lymphatic drainage of thoracic and abdominal cages?

Answer 1

Above belly button (or transumbilical plane) goes up towards axillary lymph nodes and below belly button goes down to inguinal lymph nodes; eventually draining into the femoral or axillary nodes/vessels

Question 2

The openings at each end of the inguinal canal are the ____ and _____ inguinal rings?

Answer 2

Deep and superficial; openings in abdominal wall; testes MUST pass through both

Question 3

The genital ligament forms from? Attaches to?

Answer 3

Forms from mesenchyme and attaches to the inferior margin of the testes

Question 4

What is the gubernaculum?

Answer 4

A tract that attaches from the testes all the way down to the scrotum, guide for descent of testes (or for the ovaries in females)

Question 5

What is the processus vaginalis?

Answer 5

An evagination of coelom in the peritoneal cavity that penetrates the abdominal wall running through the inguinal canal. It is adjacent to the genital ligament into the presumptive scrotal or labial fold, bringing with it layers of the abdominal wall

Question 6

Do the ovaries also develop on posterior wall of abdomen like the testes? Difference?

Answer 6

Yes. Difference is, is that their gubernaculum STOPS at midpoint and attaches to uterus which helps maintain the ovary in pelvic cavity (this also makes it more favorable for female system)

Question 7

In females, what ligament was once the gubernaculum?

Answer 7

cranial portion= Ovarian ligament

caudal portion= round ligament of the uterus passes through inguinal canal but ovary stays in pelvis

Question 8

When does the testes descend through inguinal canal?

Answer 8

7th month in utero

Question 9

How do the testes descend the inguinal canal? In relation to processus vaginalis?

Answer 9

Descend retroperitoneally; posterior to processus vaginalis

Question 10

What are the two main causes that finally push the testes through inguinal canal?

Answer 10

Combination of regression of the male genital tract and an increase in intraabdominal pressure

Question 11

In the scrotum, the processes vaginalis nearly surrounds the testes forming?

Answer 11

Forming the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis

Question 12

What is cryptorchidism?

Answer 12

This is when the testes do not make it all the way down into the scrotum during utero development; typically fonud in inguinal canal but can be ectopic and found anywhere

Question 13

What is the opening to the inguinal canal?

What is the exit from the inguinal canal?

Answer 13

Opening= deep inguinal ring
exit= superficial inguinal ring

Question 14

What is the male version of female round ligament?

What is the vas deferens?

Answer 14

Spermatic cord

tube that carries sperm to testes

Question 15

The inguinal ligament spans from what to bony landmarks?

Answer 15

ASIS and pubic tubercle

Question 16

For both males and females, what nerve is found in inguinal canal? This nerve branches from? Does what?

Answer 16

Ilioinguinal nerve. Branch of L1. Supplies sensation to the scrotum and labia majora

Question 17

What are “all the layers” the testes must pass through?

Answer 17

External oblique, internal oblique, and transversus

Question 18

Do any of the muscles contribute to the inguinal canal?

Answer 18

No! they are too lateral; but the aporneurosis and fascia will

Question 19

What is the first or deepest muscle for the inguinal canal?

Answer 19

Transverses, you can see the deep ring

Question 20

External oblique aponeurosis contributes to what part of inguinal canal?

Answer 20

Inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament, major contributor to superficial ring

Question 21

Internal oblique aponeurosis contributes to what part of inguinal canal?

Answer 21

Conjoint tendon

Question 22

Transversus aponeurosis contributes to what part of inguinal canal?

Answer 22

Conjoint tendon

Question 23

Transversalis fascia contributes to what part of inguinal canal?

Answer 23

Iliopubic tract, deep inguinal ring

Question 24

Spermatic cord emerges out of?

Answer 24

Superficial ring

Question 25

What is the conjoint tendon?

Answer 25

Deep to superficial ring, made up mainly of internal oblique

Question 26

What is the cremaster muscle?

Answer 26

Formed from muscle fibers from internal oblique, it pulls the testes back towards abdominal cavity when it is cold and the sperm needs protection

Question 27

Internal obliques contribute muscle fibers to?

Answer 27

Spermatic cord, that forms cremaster muscle

Question 28

What forms the Hesselbach’s triangle?

Answer 28

Inferior epigastric vessels, lateral border of rectus abdominus muscles, and iliopubic tract ligament

Question 29

What type of hernia forms in Hesselbach’s triangle?

Answer 29

Direct inguinal hernias