heart

Question 1

What are the 4 corners of the heart?

Answer 1

R upper= 2nd intercostal space
R lower= 4th intercostal space
L upper= 2nd intercostal space
L lower= apex of heart at 5th intercostal space in mid-clavicular line on left

Question 2

Where is the heart located?

The heart is bounded laterally by?
anteriorly by?
posteriorly by?
inferiorly by?
superiorly by?

Answer 2

In the mediastinum
laterally= pleaura
anteriorly= sternum and costal cartilages
posteriorly= Vertebral bodies of thoracic vertebrae
inferiorly= diaphragm
superiorly= Thoracic inlet

Question 3

What does “the heart is off center, twisted and tilted” mean?

Answer 3

Twisted R (anterior) and L (posterior) chambers; long axis is 45 degrees to long axis of body, to left of midline

Question 4

List layers of pericardium

Deep- superficial

Answer 4

endocardium, myocardium, visceral pericardium (epicardium), pericardial cavity, parietal layer of serous pericardium, pericardium fibrous layer

Question 5

what is cardiac tamponade?

What all is it casued by?

Answer 5

is acute compression of heart caused by the heart being stresses by too much pericardial fluid aka periocardial effusion, Pericarditis, viral infection, and autoimmune disease

Question 6

Unique characteristics of cardiac muscle?

Answer 6

1) Striated, branched fibers
2) Uninucleated
3) Intercalated discs, gap junctions
4) Auto-rhythmicity – contracts on its own
5) Autonomic innervation

Question 7

What drains the heart?

Answer 7

Corenary sinus drains heart directly into right atrium

Question 8

Inferior and superior vena cava drain?

Answer 8

Inferior drains anything below the heart; superior drains anything above the heart into the riht atium

Question 9

What is the auricle and where is it?

Answer 9

It is part of right or left atrium and increases the capacity for blood

Question 10

Pectinate muscles

Answer 10

are parallel ridges in the walls of the atria of the heart

Question 11

What is the most anterior chamber of the heart?

Answer 11

right ventricle

Question 12

What are the folds of muscle on the inside of the ventricle called?

Answer 12

trabecular carnae

Question 13

What are the muscles called that hold onto the tri and bi valves? how does this work?

Answer 13

papillary muscles in ventricle; contracts to CLOSE and prevent regurgitation of blood back into atrium

Question 14

what is the mitral valve?

Answer 14

bicuspid

Question 15

What do the 4 dense connective tissue rings of fibrous skeleton of the heart do?

Answer 15

1) attaches valves
2) prevents overstretching of the valves
3) **acts as electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles
4) surrounds the valves of the heart which merge together with the interventricular septum

Question 16

How can you tell the difference between aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves?

Answer 16

Aortic valves have the two coronary vessels branching off of it

Question 17

What does it mean to act as an electrical insulator? What does this for the heart?

Answer 17

The fibrous skeleton rings of the heart do this, it ensures that the pulse will go the correct way and not spread to unwanted tissue

Question 18

Pathway of conduction of the heart

Answer 18

1) sinoatrial (SA) node
2) atrioventricular (AV) node
3) atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
4) right and left bundle branches
5) purkinje fibers

Question 19

Why are the SA and AV nodes so unique cellularly? which one main pacemaker?

Answer 19

They contain pacemaker cells that can contract or imitate nervous impulse on their own, SA is primary

Question 20

what does P mean on electrocardiogram? t? QRS?

Answer 20

P= depolarization and contractino of atrium
T= ventricle repolarization
QRS= atrial repolarization, and; ventricle depolarization and contraction

Question 21

There are typically two cords to a pacemaker, where do they lead?

Answer 21

1 to the right atrium and 1 to the right ventricle

Question 22

What are the 3 generic stages to the cardiac cycle?

Answer 22

1) Relaxation period (diastole)
2) Atrial systole (contraction)
3) Ventricular systole