Infomation Processing Flashcards
Retention Time of iconic memory
1/2 to 1 second
Retention time of echois memory
2 to 8 seconds
Cocktail party effect
Ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally
Someone calls your name
ATC calling your call sign
Types of attention
Selective and divided
Saliency
Noticeable stand out/intense stimulus
Prominence!
Under high work load brain prefers visual over audio
Hypervigilance
Increase state of awareness
High arousal
Reduced ability to perform calculations
Complete tasks faster but less accurately
Reduction of mental resources
Hypovigilance
Lack of stimulation
Reduces performance
Behavioural changes
Mental exercises to stay alert
Memory is divided into x3 what
Sensory store
Working memory
Long term memory
Sensory Store composed of
Iconic memory 1/2 to 1 second (visual)
Echoic memory - 2 to 8 seconds (audio/hearing)
Central executive
Complex/significant info but not threatening goes to central executive
The conscious attention of transferring info to working memory to be processed
Long Term memory x2
Declarative (everyday) - semantic/episodic
Non declarative procedural memory
Unlimited can hold info for life
Semantic Memory
Facts and meaning
Fast and accurate measure
Learning ATPLs
Long term memory store
Part of declarative memory (long term)
Episodic Memory
Places/people/experiences
Part of declarative long term memory
Thoughts and feelings
Procedural memory
Long term memory - non declarative memory
Routines/automatic/learned motor skills
Flying a plane
Types of learning
Classical Conditioning - associated stimuli
Operant conditioning - voluntary learning
Cognitive learning - thinking/drawing inside knowledge
Observational learning - data from outside source replicated (instructor)
Procedural memory - everyday actions/skills (riding bike)
Approaches to learning
Behaviouristic/cognitive/modelling
DECIDE Model six steps
DETECT
ESTIMATE
CHOOSE
IDENTIFY
DO
EVALUATE
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to search for info to confirm a theory while overlooking the information provided.
Tendency to ignore information that confirm a decision is a poor one
To avoid: search for info that could falsify the mental model of the situation
Selective attention
Processing information from one input to the exclusion of all others
Divided attention
Parallel information processing or rapid attention switching
Requires additional processing capacity
Limits to how much can be done
Impossible to concentrate on 2 different tasks together!
Mental Models
Brain builds an image of the exterior world
Cognitive Illusion is a
Misinterpretation of sensory inputs
DECIDE MODEL
DETECT
ESTIMATE
CHOOSE
IDENTIFY
DO
EVALUATE
Stages of info processing
Briefly hold in sensory store
Decide if info worth processing
Transfer to memory story if so
Work on info
Decide on action
Implement action
Store element in long term
Definition of attention
Focussing of resources on one set of event at the exclusion of all others
Disengage from stimulus
Shift attention to new one
Engage on the new stimulus
What affects out attention
Anxiety/motivation/stress/expectation/cockpit automation
Vigilance
Sustaining attention over time on something so as to notice when non ordinary things happen
How can hypovigilance occur
Lack to stimulation
Constant noise
Low lighting
High temperature
Isolation
Fatigue
Excess stress
What are the three information stores
Sensory store
Working memory
Long term memory
Sensory store is
Information from outside world being detected
Small fraction of this will transfer to short term memory
If rehearsed will move to long term
What is the lowest subconscious attention mechanism in the brain
Amygdala
Highly threatening stimulus will be dealt with by
The amygdala which prepares body for physiological response without thinking
Temporary incapacitation
Thinking becomes frozen
Threatening stimulus halted transfer to the central executive for rational processing
Working memory (how much can it hold and how long for)
Short term limited capacity
Max 7 bits of information
10-20 seconds unless placed in long term memory
Sensitive to interruptions
Amnesia
Inability to recall or recognise events that were previously stored in memory
How can you improve recall of memory
Rehearsal/reception
Context/association
Classical conditioning
Type of learning
Done by association
Praising student for success
Cognitive Learning
Type of learning
Using cognitive skills to think and visualise
Observational Learning
Type of learning
Data from outside source which is then replicated
Flight instructor and there student on controls
Procedural memory - type of learning
Type of long term memory that cannot be consciously recalled
Riding bike/different language
Andersons Adaptive control of thoughts for acquiring a skill
Declarative memory - knowledge required to perform skill
Procedural memory - series of rules needed
Working memory - contains active info which is being processed
Three phases of learning a new skill
Cognitive phase - theoretical knowledge of what needs to be done
Associative phase - practice skill
Autonomous phase - automatic skill no conscious thought or attention
If not practice will be held in associative phase
Stress can also cause to revert to associative phase
Mental Schemas allow
Routine actions to become almost automatic freeing up mental capacity
Motivation vs learning
Unmotivated does not learn as fast
Excessive motivation inhibit learning
J.R Andersons stages of acquiring a motor skill
Cognitive phase - learner thinks about each action
Associative phase - integrated movements become fluid
Automatic phase - execution without conscious control
Amygdala
Lowest level of subconscious attention
Sensory inputs deemed to be threatening are processed by the amygdala and prepare motor programmes in response to threatening stimulus
Top down perception
Making a scene fit with what you expect rather than reality. Influenced by our expectations, prior knowledge and past experiences.
Blinkered Attention
Concentrating only for one system instead of the whole system
Example:
Student pilot on skills test focusing on his height on altimeter as the expense of cross checking his track
Passive Monitoring
Watching the system instead of analysing the system
Personality
Based on heredity, childhood, upbringing and experience
Attitudes
Product of personal disposition and past experience
Behaviour
Outward result of attitude and personality combined can be changed
Attitude + behaviour =
Personality
