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Human Performance > Infomation Processing > Flashcards

Infomation Processing Flashcards

1
Q

Retention Time of iconic memory

A

1/2 to 1 second

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2
Q

Retention time of echois memory

A

2 to 8 seconds

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3
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally
Someone calls your name
ATC calling your call sign

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4
Q

Types of attention

A

Selective and divided

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5
Q

Saliency

A

Noticeable stand out/intense stimulus

Prominence!

Under high work load brain prefers visual over audio

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6
Q

Hypervigilance

A

Increase state of awareness
High arousal

Reduced ability to perform calculations
Complete tasks faster but less accurately
Reduction of mental resources

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7
Q

Hypovigilance

A

Lack of stimulation

Reduces performance
Behavioural changes

Mental exercises to stay alert

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8
Q

Memory is divided into x3 what

A

Sensory store

Working memory

Long term memory

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9
Q

Sensory Store composed of

A

Iconic memory 1/2 to 1 second (visual)

Echoic memory - 2 to 8 seconds (audio/hearing)

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10
Q

Central executive

A

Complex/significant info but not threatening goes to central executive

The conscious attention of transferring info to working memory to be processed

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11
Q

Long Term memory x2

A

Declarative (everyday) - semantic/episodic

Non declarative procedural memory

Unlimited can hold info for life

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12
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Facts and meaning
Fast and accurate measure
Learning ATPLs
Long term memory store

Part of declarative memory (long term)

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13
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Places/people/experiences
Part of declarative long term memory
Thoughts and feelings

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14
Q

Procedural memory

A

Long term memory - non declarative memory
Routines/automatic/learned motor skills
Flying a plane

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15
Q

Types of learning

A

Classical Conditioning - associated stimuli

Operant conditioning - voluntary learning

Cognitive learning - thinking/drawing inside knowledge

Observational learning - data from outside source replicated (instructor)

Procedural memory - everyday actions/skills (riding bike)

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16
Q

Approaches to learning

A

Behaviouristic/cognitive/modelling

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17
Q

DECIDE Model six steps

A

DETECT
ESTIMATE
CHOOSE
IDENTIFY
DO
EVALUATE

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18
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to search for info to confirm a theory while overlooking the information provided.

Tendency to ignore information that confirm a decision is a poor one

To avoid: search for info that could falsify the mental model of the situation

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19
Q

Selective attention

A

Processing information from one input to the exclusion of all others

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20
Q

Divided attention

A

Parallel information processing or rapid attention switching

Requires additional processing capacity

Limits to how much can be done

Impossible to concentrate on 2 different tasks together!

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21
Q

Mental Models

A

Brain builds an image of the exterior world

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22
Q

Cognitive Illusion is a

A

Misinterpretation of sensory inputs

23
Q

DECIDE MODEL

A

DETECT
ESTIMATE
CHOOSE
IDENTIFY
DO
EVALUATE

24
Q

Stages of info processing

A

Briefly hold in sensory store
Decide if info worth processing
Transfer to memory story if so
Work on info
Decide on action
Implement action
Store element in long term

25
Q

Definition of attention

A

Focussing of resources on one set of event at the exclusion of all others

Disengage from stimulus
Shift attention to new one
Engage on the new stimulus

26
Q

What affects out attention

A

Anxiety/motivation/stress/expectation/cockpit automation

27
Q

Vigilance

A

Sustaining attention over time on something so as to notice when non ordinary things happen

28
Q

How can hypovigilance occur

A

Lack to stimulation
Constant noise
Low lighting
High temperature
Isolation
Fatigue
Excess stress

29
Q

What are the three information stores

A

Sensory store
Working memory
Long term memory

30
Q

Sensory store is

A

Information from outside world being detected

Small fraction of this will transfer to short term memory

If rehearsed will move to long term

31
Q

What is the lowest subconscious attention mechanism in the brain

A

Amygdala

32
Q

Highly threatening stimulus will be dealt with by

A

The amygdala which prepares body for physiological response without thinking

33
Q

Temporary incapacitation

A

Thinking becomes frozen
Threatening stimulus halted transfer to the central executive for rational processing

34
Q

Working memory (how much can it hold and how long for)

A

Short term limited capacity
Max 7 bits of information
10-20 seconds unless placed in long term memory

Sensitive to interruptions

35
Q

Amnesia

A

Inability to recall or recognise events that were previously stored in memory

36
Q

How can you improve recall of memory

A

Rehearsal/reception

Context/association

37
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Type of learning

Done by association
Praising student for success

38
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

Type of learning

Using cognitive skills to think and visualise

39
Q

Observational Learning

A

Type of learning

Data from outside source which is then replicated

Flight instructor and there student on controls

40
Q

Procedural memory - type of learning

A

Type of long term memory that cannot be consciously recalled

Riding bike/different language

41
Q

Andersons Adaptive control of thoughts for acquiring a skill

A

Declarative memory - knowledge required to perform skill

Procedural memory - series of rules needed

Working memory - contains active info which is being processed

42
Q

Three phases of learning a new skill

A

Cognitive phase - theoretical knowledge of what needs to be done

Associative phase - practice skill

Autonomous phase - automatic skill no conscious thought or attention

If not practice will be held in associative phase
Stress can also cause to revert to associative phase

43
Q

Mental Schemas allow

A

Routine actions to become almost automatic freeing up mental capacity

44
Q

Motivation vs learning

A

Unmotivated does not learn as fast

Excessive motivation inhibit learning

45
Q

J.R Andersons stages of acquiring a motor skill

A

Cognitive phase - learner thinks about each action

Associative phase - integrated movements become fluid

Automatic phase - execution without conscious control

46
Q

Amygdala

A

Lowest level of subconscious attention

Sensory inputs deemed to be threatening are processed by the amygdala and prepare motor programmes in response to threatening stimulus

47
Q

Top down perception

A

Making a scene fit with what you expect rather than reality. Influenced by our expectations, prior knowledge and past experiences.

48
Q

Blinkered Attention

A

Concentrating only for one system instead of the whole system

Example:
Student pilot on skills test focusing on his height on altimeter as the expense of cross checking his track

49
Q

Passive Monitoring

A

Watching the system instead of analysing the system

50
Q

Personality

A

Based on heredity, childhood, upbringing and experience

51
Q

Attitudes

A

Product of personal disposition and past experience

52
Q

Behaviour

A

Outward result of attitude and personality combined can be changed

53
Q

Attitude + behaviour =

A

Personality

Human Performance (18 decks)

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