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Human Performance > Human Errors/Decisions > Flashcards

Human Errors/Decisions Flashcards

1
Q

Active Errors

A

Committed by sharp end people (pilots/ATC etc)
Directly linked to accident
Short lived failures

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2
Q

Latent Errors

A

Hidden for a long time
Difficult to recognise or foresee due to time lag between occurrence
Cumulative
Manifest themselves under certain conditions
Force sense of security

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3
Q

Types of human errors

A

Violations - deliberate illegal actions
Omissions - missing out a process or step that should have been included
Faults - wrong drill for the task
Slips - do not meet operators intent but intent itself was correct

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4
Q

Tolerant to errors

A

When the consequences will not seriously jeopardise safety

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5
Q

Errors and groups

A

Groups tend to make riskier decision than any group member alone.

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6
Q

Risky shift

A

Change decision to become more extreme and risky when acting as a group.

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7
Q

James Reasons errors are

A

Slips/Lapses - correct intent failed execution

Mistakes - you do the wrong thing - failure of action plan

Violations - deliberate action

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8
Q

Error Management Strategies

A

Error Prevention
Error Reduction
Error detection
Error recovery
Error tolerance

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9
Q

Situational awareness + components

A

Modelling of a situation

Environmental
Spatial orientation
Time horizon
System awareness
Mode awareness

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10
Q

How can you regain SA?

A

Reduce workload
Reduce pace of event
Rebuild mental picture
Step back
Take more time to decide

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11
Q

Definition of an error

A

An error is the mismatch between pilots intention and the result of his her action

KEYWORD INTENTION to carry out an action

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12
Q

Slip is a

A

An error which the intention was correct but failure occurred in carrying out activity

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13
Q

Mistake is a

A

A error which arises from incorrect intention leading to incorrect action sequence. A failure of action plan with a flawed outcome

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14
Q

Violations

A

Deliberate action

Routine - violation to save time/reduce work load

Exceptional - intended good outcome/boredom etc

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15
Q

Internally generated errors

A

Illness
Skill deterioration
Fatigue
Poor motivation
Distraction
Memory failure
Perceptual error

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16
Q

Externally generated errors

A

Stressors
High work load
Ergonomics
Economics
Social environment

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17
Q

Environmental capture

A

Tendency for a skill to be executed in an environment which is frequently exercised even if not appropriate action

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18
Q

Lapses

A

Errors from forgetting to do something

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19
Q

Successful error management methods x5

A

Error prevention
Error reduction
Error detection
Error recovery
Error tolerance

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20
Q

TEM countermeasures

A

Planning Countermeasures - managing and anticipated/unexpected threats (SOP briefing)

Execution Countermeasures - essentials for error detection and error response

Review countermeasure - essential for managing changing conditions of a flight

21
Q

Behaviour is shaped by

A

Internal factors - childhood/career/school
External factors - groups etc

22
Q

Personality is

A

Our stable behaviour character

Shaped at childhood/past experience
Do not change

23
Q

Ideal Pilot would be

A

Stable extrovert

24
Q

Humanist Model describes

A

Self Concept - How you see yourself
Self Ideal - how you think you should be

SImilar between the two is more balance and ideal

Different - aggressive/awkward/confused

25
Q

Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs

A

Used to explain motivation

Bottom to top:
Physiological needs - food/water

Safety needs - safe environment

Cognitive needs - knowledge/understanding

Aesthetic needs - beauty in ones self

Self actualisations - realising potential/self fulfilment

26
Q

Hazardous Attitudes

A

Anti authorisation
Impulsiveness
Sense of invulnerability
Excessive self esteem
Resignation
Resignation
Complacency

27
Q

Desirable Attitudes

A

Conscientiousness
Self control
Stable slight extrovert
Agreeable

28
Q

Synergy in a group

A

Group performance exceeds sum of all individuals best performance

Each group member motivated to support each other

29
Q

Group THinking

A

Desire to reach agreement to override rational decision making

30
Q

Autocratic Authority Cockpit

A

Decision without consultation
Disregards opinions of other crew
Little/no team work

  • overload//high tension/withdrawal
31
Q

Laissez Faire Cockpit

A

Passive decisions/choices by other crew
Hard to determine who’s in control
No form of control or leadership

BAD

32
Q

Synergistic Ideal Cockpit

A

Leads by example,motivates, supports team work

33
Q

DECISION

A

Define the aim
Collect information
Assess the risk
Develop options
Evaluate options
Decide
Implement
Monitor
Review

34
Q

A pilot sitting below the eye datum point will normally be unable to see the

A

Undershoot

35
Q

Error Chain (unintentional omission)

A

Multiple errors committed rather than a single one

36
Q

Invulnerability

A

It wont happen to me

37
Q

Impulsivity

A

Does it quickly

38
Q

Anti Authority

A

Don’t tell me what to do

39
Q

Macho

A

I can do it attitude

40
Q

Resignation

A

What’s the use…

41
Q

Complacency

A

Feeling of quiet pleasure or security often unaware of potential danger

Over confidence in oneself

42
Q

X5 Error Management way of remembering
People
Really
Don’t
Read
Things

A

Prevention
Reduction
Detection
Recovery
Tolerance

43
Q

Cooperation

A

Working together towards the same aim via communication or sharing

44
Q

Coaction

A

Working together but does not imply communication or sharing

45
Q

Cohesion

A

Also known as solidarity

Degree to which a group hangs together as a tightly knit self contained entity.

46
Q

Factors that contribute to group cohesion

A

Stability - relationships
Side - small groups better than smaller ones
Similarity
Success
External threats

47
Q

Synergy

A

Groups cooperative and cohesion outweighs the sum of all the groups performance. Outperform even the best member of the group

48
Q

Interdependence

A

Each crew member depends on the others to carry out actions which might otherwise be difficult or impossible for one person to perform

49
Q

Susceptible to group think

A

Cohesive group
Insulated from external info
Ignore alternative options
Under pressure
Dominated by a directing leader

Human Performance (18 decks)

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