Inflammatory Flashcards
The cardinal signs of inflammation
- Redness- Vasodilation
- Heat- Vasodilation
- Swelling- Vasodilation results in oedema
- Pain- To prevent further injury; caused by damage to the cells
- Loss of function- As pain, prevents worensing injury
Vasodilation- Increased blood flow allowed nutrients, oxygen for healing
Also dilutes toxins, brings immune response cells in (Antibodies), clotting system
Causes of tissue damage
Acute injuries and overuse injuries
Acute inflammatory response
Inflammatory medicators
- First response to tissue damage
- usually short lived
- Local accumuluation of fluids, plasma protiens and white bllod cells called neutrophils
Acute inflammatory response
Vascular response
Vasodiliation occurs increasing the blood supply to the area of injury
Acute inflammatory response
The cellular response
- Macrophages are found in the tissue and ingest infecting microorganisms.
- The ability to ingest large particles including microorgnisms is called phhagocyosis.
Chronic inflammation due to:
Persistent infection
Where the micoorgnism has not been removed
Chronic inflammation due to:
Allergic disease
- Such as asthma or hay fever
- Where there is continual exposure to chemical causing the allergy
Chronic inflammation due to:
Autoimmunity
Which the immune system targets the body’s own tissues
Chronic inflammation due to:
Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents
Prolonged exposure to abestos and silia can cuase chronic inflamation
External causes of tissue injury
- Trauma- bone fracture, stabbing, piercing
- Burns
- Extremes of temperature
- Infections
- Snake venom, bee stings, nettle sting
- Foreign objects
- Poisons
- Radiation damage
Internal causes of tissue injury
- immune response to self- antigen (autoimmunity)
- Ischaemia- reduced blood supply to a tissue
- Hypersensitiy to allergen
- Tumour
- Exposure to gastric mucosa to acid
- Uric acid crystal form in synovial joints
- Accumlation of protein in nerve cells
Asthma cardinal signs
Redness/ swelling in the lungs isn’t visible, but the pateint can describe pain and we can assess for loss of funcation (eg oxygen saturations)
Sepsis cardinal signs
Redness (erythema) and sweelling is internal and widespread but not visible externally
What are the stages of acute inflammation
- Release of imflammatory mediators
- Vascular response
- Cellular response
Realse of inflammatory mediators
- A ‘stimulus’ occurs- injury or infection
- Chemicals called inflammaroty mediators are released:
- Cell- derived caused by tissue damage
*Histamine, prostaglandins, cytokines
Vascular response
- Vasodilation occurs
- Increased bllod supply to the affected area
- Cases redness (erthema) and heat
- Increased blood vessel permeability
-Exudate (protein rich fluid) flows into the extravascular space (swelling occurs) - Loss of fluid concentrates the inflammatory mediators in the blood
Cellular response
- Links closely to the immune system
- Specialist white bllod cells respond to ‘clear up’ the damage
-Macrophages and Neutrophils - These cells simply ‘eat’ unwanted particles and bacteria to kill and destory them
- The cell dies along with its digested content and digestive enzymes; stimulating other processes that cause inflammation and immune response
- This procress is celled phagocytosis
Treatment for Sepsis
Aminister oxygen
- Oxygen should be given to all pateints with Sepsis
- In Sepsis oxygen saturation of the tissue falls
- Oxygen must diffuse further to reach tissue
- Small blood clots can occur in the capillaries which reduces oxygen deliver.
Treatment for Sepsis
Take blood cultures
- Helps to identify the casuative pathogen
Treatment for Sepsis
Give IV antibiotics
- Sepsis is usally triggered by a bacterial infection
- Giving within the hour
- Important that any potential source of ifection, such as urinary catheters, are removed
Treatment for Sepsis
Give intervenous
- Fluid replacement increase the circulating volume and restores blood pressure
Treatment for Sepsis
Check serial lactate levels
- Indicate anerobic metablolim due to reduced tissue perfusion.
- How effect oxygen therapy and IV fluids are
Treatment for Sepsis
Monitor hourly urine output
- Monitoring cardic output
- Monitor response to treatement
