Fundamentals of pathophysiolology Flashcards
Define: Acute
Symptoms and signs that begin and worsen quickly
Define: Chronic
Continuing or occurring again and again for long times
Define: Acute on Chronic
When someone with a chronic condition, also developed an acute condition.
Define: Sub-acute
A condition between acute and chronic
Define: Congenital
Condition or trait from birth
Define: Neoplastic
New, uncontrolled growth of cell
Define: idiopathic
Unknown causes
Define: iatrogenic
An illness or injury caused by medical treatment
Define: pathogenesis
The development of a disease
Define: Exacerbation
The worsening of a disease or increase in its symptoms
Define: Convalescence
The period or process of healthy after an illness
Define: mortality
refers to death
Define: Morbidity
The rate of diease in a population
Define: Epidemiology
The study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a define population
Define: Pandemic
A widespread occurrence of an infection/disease over the whole country or the world particular time
Define: pathophysiology
- Is the study of how disease affects the functioning of the body
- Pathophysiology of asthma explains how asthma causes breathing difficulties and how this may result in infection oxygen reaching this cell
Cellular communication
Nerve signalling
- Nervous system
- used to regulate the muscles and glands
- A neuron is a single nerve cell that sends a message in the form of nerve impulse
- Nerve impulses travel very rapidly along the neuron, often over a great distance
- Neurotransmitters molecules diffuse across a microscopic gaps called the synapse.
Cellular Communication
Endocrine signalling
- forms of hormones
- sent around the body in the bloodstream
- Slower than nerve signalling
- Endocrine signals become widespread, distributed in the circulation
Cellular Communication
Local signalling
- Local signalling occurs between cells that are Jason or very close to each other
- Shown in the inflammatory response and cancer
- Although they are local, some enter the bloodstream and exert their affects at more distant targets
Cellular adaption
Atrophy
- Decrease in size
- Organ size changes if significant so change occurs
- Example – skeletal muscles atrophy in the elderly
Cellular adaption
Hypertrophy
- Increase in size and volume
- Example – muscle growth through weighted based exercises
Cellular adaption
Hyperplasia
- Increase in number of cells
- Occurs due to increase so mitosis either for a compensatory reason for tissue or organ generation
- Example- Benign protatatic hyperplasia congential a drenal hyperplasia
Cellular adaption
Metaplasia
- A sale of specific type is replaced by a normal less specific cell
- Seen in smoking, where mucus cells with cilia or replace with cells with no mucus production
Cellular adaption
Dysplasia
- Abnormal changes and variations in Shape/ size
- Example: Cervical dysplasia, develepmental dyplsia of the hips.
Cellular death
Necrosis
- Necrosis occurs due to injury – toxins, infection, trauma
- May initially be reversible as part of the inflammatory response but if injury is extensive or prolonged necrosis occur
- Swelling
- upture of the cell walls
- Leakage of cellular components
Cellular death
Apoptosis
- Often referred to as ‘programmed cell death’ - Controllling the population of cells
- The cell does not become damaged; the cell membrane forms ‘blebs’ which contain cell/ organelles content.
- Cell shrinkage
- Although apopsis is a natural process; the cel can be coerced inot ‘suicide’ by the immune system if the cell bceomes infected.
