Immune responses Flashcards
Immune system cells and functions
Hematopoietic stem cells
An immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
Immune system cells and functions
Monocyte
A naïve immune cell which can turn into other types of immune cell required macrophages
Immune system cells and functions
Lymphocyte
There are two types of Lymphocyte: B and T cells.
There is also lymphocyte called natural killed cells (NK cells) which responds to virally infected cells and tumour cells.
Immune system cells and functions
Neutophil
undertakes phagocytosis to remove pathagens
Immune system cells and functions
Eosinophil
- A type of white blood cell
- A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma.
Immune system cells and functions
Macrophage
- Mature monocytes
- Undertake phagocytosis and release cytokines to stimulate ongoing immune response
Immune system cells and functions
Basophil
Defend against parasitic worms and ticks which are too large to be engulfed by neutrophils or macrophages
The role of the lymphatic system
- It keeps body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections
- Part of the immune system
Antibody mediated immune response (B-cells)
Antibody structure and function
Immunogolbulins (Ig). The five classes are: IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, IgE
Antibody mediated immune response (B-cells)
Neutralsation
Antibodies coat the pathagon and prevent iy from interact
Antibody mediated immune response (B-cells)
Opsonisation
Coat the pathogen to attract and ancourage phagocytic cells
Antibody mediated immune response (B-cells)
Complement fixation
Coat the pathogen to active blood proteins (complement) to kill the pathogen
Cell mediated immune response (T- cells)
They activate specific B-cells to respond to infection and produce antibodies
Cell mediated immune response (T- cells)
Helper T-Cells (CD8+)
Helper T-cells sense when there’s an infection in your body. They activate other immune cells to fight the infection.
Cell mediated immune response (T- cells)
Memory T-Cells
They will trigger a faster and stronger immune response after encountering the same antigen.
Cell mediated immune response (T- cells)
Regulatory T-Cells (CD8+)
Regulating or suppressing other cells in the immune system.
Cell mediated immune response (T- cells)
Natural killer T-Cells
Modulates immune responses against infectious agents, autoantigens, tumors, tissue grafts and allergens.
Active immunity + vaccination
Primary and secondary immune response
- Active immunity develops when someone is exposed to the actual disease- causing mirco-orgaism or to a vaccine
- Active immunity takes days or weeks to develop
Passive immunity
Primary and secondary immune response
- Passive immunity occurs when a person is given antibodies against a pathogen or bacterial.
- Passive immmunity will work immeditely
- Passive immunity only lasts few weeks or months until the immunoglobulins disappear.
- A baby has passive immunity when its born through acquiring maternal antibodies through the placenta.
Immune system cells and functions
Mast cells
Release histamine as part of the inflamatory responses
Dendrictic cells
Antigen presentation to stimulate the adaptive immune response
What are the three stages of acute inflammation
- Release of inflammatory mediators
- Cell derived caused by tissue damage: Histamine, prostaglandins, cytokines - Vascular response
- Vasodilation occurs and increased blood vessel permeability - Cellular response
- links to immune system, phaocytosis
Explain the underlying pathophysiology of reduced oxygen levels as a result of sepsis.
- Imbalance between oxygen demand by the tissues and oxygen supply
- Compromised oxygen delivery due to combination of:
- Reduced blood pressure and flow
- Tissue oedema
- Adnoraml flow of blood through capillary bed
- Increased oxygen demand by the cells due to hypermetabolic state.
