Inflammation and Repair- Bikman Flashcards
What are the five steps of inflammatory response?
Recognition, Recruitment, Removal, Regulation, and Resolution
What are the signs of inflammation?
pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function
In acute inflammation, what are the vascular changes?
vasodialation and increased vascular permeability
seen with redness, swelling, stasis, and margination of leukocytes
What is hydrostatic pressure?
a function of heartbeat, water volume, gravity and vessel size
What is onconic pressure?
a function of plasma proteins
osmotic pressure
In acute inflammation, what is the cellular response?
emigration of leukocytes
What is edema?
accumulation of free fluid in interstitial spaces
What are some causes of edema?
increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure,
diminished plasma protein,
increases in capillary permeability,
lymph obstruction
What is exudate?
pus, high protein
What is a mast cell?
Secretes lots of histamine
Many granules
Resembles a basophil
What are the steps of a leukocyte going to designated spot?
Margination (by selectins), Adhesion (by integrins), Diapedisis (transmigration), chemotaxis
Explain the type of WBC in the first 48 hours of inflammation?
6-24: neutrophils
24-48: monocyte
What are the steps in a leukocyte destroying a pathogen?
Recognition and attachment to pathogen
Engulfment of pathogen (when opsins are sensed)
Killing and degredation of pathogen
The leukocytes are activated by two pathways: classical and non-classical. Explain both.
Classical: activated by antibody immune complex
Non-classical: activated by lipopolysaccharide
Phospholipid is broken down into arachidonic acid and is further broken down into what?
cyclooxygenase breaks it down into prostaglandins (inflammation), prostacyclins (inhibits platelet activation), and thromboxanes (platelet activation and stickiness)
lipoxygenase breaks it down into leukotrienes (smooth muscle contraction in the trachea) - allergic reactions!!!
Explain the different morphology of inflammation
Serous- watery
Fibrinous- scar or fibrous
Purulent- pus
What are stimuli for chronic inflammation?
persistent infection, immune-mediated, inflammatory diseases, prolong exposure to chemicals, metabolic inflammation
How do leukocytes and macrophages activated eachother?
Leukocytes release interferons which activate monocytes. Monocytes release cytokines that activate leukocytes
What is a granuloma?
A walled in inflammation. Has aggregates of macrophages and lymphocytes. Also contains langhans giant cells (fused macrophages that creates a horseshoe nucleus)
What are some causes of granulomas?
Sarcoidosis
Persistent T cell diseases
certain immune mediated diseases
What is sarcoidosis?
A multi-system disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas
Shaumann bodies- protein and calcium
Asteroid bodies- stellate inclusion
Affects the lungs
What is amyloidosis?
aggregation of misfolded proteins
associated with many inherited and inflammatory diseases
affects the heart
related to Alzheimers disease
In regards to repair, what are the types of tissues?
labile- bone marrow, skin, GI tract, oral cavity: always proliferating
stable- liver, kidneys, pancreas: proliferate when needed
permanent- neurons, cardiac: out of cell cycle
What is the difference between first and second intention?
First- healing precise incision wounds
Second- healing wider wounds
Explain scar formation process
angiogenesis, migration and proliferation, remodeling
