Inflammation and Repair- Bikman Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five steps of inflammatory response?

A

Recognition, Recruitment, Removal, Regulation, and Resolution

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2
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A

pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function

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3
Q

In acute inflammation, what are the vascular changes?

A

vasodialation and increased vascular permeability

seen with redness, swelling, stasis, and margination of leukocytes

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4
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

a function of heartbeat, water volume, gravity and vessel size

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5
Q

What is onconic pressure?

A

a function of plasma proteins

osmotic pressure

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6
Q

In acute inflammation, what is the cellular response?

A

emigration of leukocytes

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7
Q

What is edema?

A

accumulation of free fluid in interstitial spaces

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8
Q

What are some causes of edema?

A

increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure,
diminished plasma protein,
increases in capillary permeability,
lymph obstruction

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9
Q

What is exudate?

A

pus, high protein

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10
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

Secretes lots of histamine
Many granules
Resembles a basophil

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11
Q

What are the steps of a leukocyte going to designated spot?

A

Margination (by selectins), Adhesion (by integrins), Diapedisis (transmigration), chemotaxis

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12
Q

Explain the type of WBC in the first 48 hours of inflammation?

A

6-24: neutrophils

24-48: monocyte

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13
Q

What are the steps in a leukocyte destroying a pathogen?

A

Recognition and attachment to pathogen
Engulfment of pathogen (when opsins are sensed)
Killing and degredation of pathogen

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14
Q

The leukocytes are activated by two pathways: classical and non-classical. Explain both.

A

Classical: activated by antibody immune complex

Non-classical: activated by lipopolysaccharide

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15
Q

Phospholipid is broken down into arachidonic acid and is further broken down into what?

A

cyclooxygenase breaks it down into prostaglandins (inflammation), prostacyclins (inhibits platelet activation), and thromboxanes (platelet activation and stickiness)

lipoxygenase breaks it down into leukotrienes (smooth muscle contraction in the trachea) - allergic reactions!!!

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16
Q

Explain the different morphology of inflammation

A

Serous- watery
Fibrinous- scar or fibrous
Purulent- pus

17
Q

What are stimuli for chronic inflammation?

A

persistent infection, immune-mediated, inflammatory diseases, prolong exposure to chemicals, metabolic inflammation

18
Q

How do leukocytes and macrophages activated eachother?

A

Leukocytes release interferons which activate monocytes. Monocytes release cytokines that activate leukocytes

19
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

A walled in inflammation. Has aggregates of macrophages and lymphocytes. Also contains langhans giant cells (fused macrophages that creates a horseshoe nucleus)

20
Q

What are some causes of granulomas?

A

Sarcoidosis
Persistent T cell diseases
certain immune mediated diseases

21
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

A multi-system disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas

Shaumann bodies- protein and calcium
Asteroid bodies- stellate inclusion

Affects the lungs

22
Q

What is amyloidosis?

A

aggregation of misfolded proteins
associated with many inherited and inflammatory diseases

affects the heart
related to Alzheimers disease

23
Q

In regards to repair, what are the types of tissues?

A

labile- bone marrow, skin, GI tract, oral cavity: always proliferating
stable- liver, kidneys, pancreas: proliferate when needed
permanent- neurons, cardiac: out of cell cycle

24
Q

What is the difference between first and second intention?

A

First- healing precise incision wounds

Second- healing wider wounds

25
Q

Explain scar formation process

A

angiogenesis, migration and proliferation, remodeling