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DMD 5243 > Blood Pathology- Bikman > Flashcards

Blood Pathology- Bikman Flashcards

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1
Q

Complete Blood Count includes which two major properties?

A

MCV- mean corpuscular volume (size)

MCHC- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (color)

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2
Q

What is anemia and its symptoms?

A

A reduction below normal hemoglobin or normal RBC count.

Symptoms: fatigue, dizziness, jaundice, tachychardia, paleness, breathlessness

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3
Q

What are three major reasons for anemia?

A

Loss of blood
High RBC destruction
Low RBC production

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4
Q

How is bilirubin eliminated from the body?

A

Bilirubin-albumin complex transfers to the liver from the spleen
Glucuronyl Transferase binds and transfers to small intestines along with bile
Some bilirubin can be converted to urobilinogen by intestinal bacteria, which can be reabsorbed or excreted along with the bile or urine

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5
Q

What is jaundice and what is the treament?

A

Excessive bilirubin in the body

Treatment: blood transfusion or sun

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6
Q

What does light poo and dark pee mean in terms of jaundice?

A

Extrahepatic Obstructive Jaundice

The bile duct is blocked

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7
Q

What does normal/light poo and light pee mean in terms of jaundice?

A

Intrahepatic Obstructive Jaundice

The liver isn’t working

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8
Q

What does dark poo and dark pee mean in terms of jaundice?

A

Hemolytic anemia

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9
Q

What are key characteristics of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia?

A 
Extracorpuscular
creates schistocytes (frag. of RBCs) due to trauma or injury from sepsis or artificial heart valve
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10
Q

What are key characteristics of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A

Extracorpuscular
RBCs attacked by own immune system based on temperature
Warm: IgG
Cold: IgM

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11
Q

What are key characteristics of Sickle Cell anemia?

A

Intracorpuscular
There is a substitution in the beta chain in the hemoglobin (Val for a Glut Acid)
Homozygous genetics are more affected
Clogs vessels

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12
Q

What are key characteristics of Thalassemia?

A

Intracorpuscular
Hypochromic, Microcytic cells
Expansions in the bones to keep up with RBC production
Two types: alpha and beta

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13
Q

What are key characteristics of Hereditary Spherocytosis?

A

Intracorpuscular
Spherocytes
Caused by spectrin defect
Removal of spleen good, because cells trapped in spleen (enlarged spleen)

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14
Q

What are Howell-Jolly Bodies?

A

Any RBC that didn’t completely get rid of its nucleus.

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15
Q

What are key characteristics of G6PDH deficiency?

A

Intracorpuscular
ROS kills RBCs
Heinz bodies: “bite cells” denatured globulins sticks to RBC membrane

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16
Q

What are key characteristics of Fe deficiency?

A 
microcytic, hypochromic
atrophic glossitis (smooth tongue), and koilonychia
Can be from increased Fe loss, decreased Fe intake, increased Fe recruitment
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17
Q

What are key characteristics of anemia of chronic disease?

A

normochromic, normocytic

increased hepcidin in liver from disrupted iron metabolism

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18
Q

What are key characteristics of megaloblastic anemia (pernicious anemia)?

A

normochromic, macrocytic
low B12/folate in the body, cells cannot split
usually from not enough intrinsic factor, which doesnt allow absorption

can also lead to hypersegmented neutrophils

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19
Q

What is the Schillings Test?

A

It is a test to determine if a person has pernicious anemia

Stage 1
Given oral B12 and injected B12 an hour later
If urine has over 10% of B12 then normal
If urine has under 10% B12 then abnormal and proceed to stage 2

Stage 2
Given oral B12 and intrinsic factor
If B12 is normal then has PA
If B12 is still decreased then patient has GI pathology

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20
Q

What are the key characteristics of aplastic anemia?

A

normochromic, normocytic
hypoplastic (empty) bone marrow
more bleeding and compromised immune system
causes: idiopathic, preggers, viruses, drugs

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21
Q

What are the key characteristics of myelophthisic anemia?

A

normochromic, noromocytic
infiltration of tumors in the bone marrow
tear-drop RBCs

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22
Q

What are the key characteristics of neutrophilia?

A

benign leukocytosis
too many neutrophils
two types: immature and mature

mature has dohle bodies
immature has band cells

mature caused by infection, stress, and inflammation
immature caused by severe anemia, marrow displacement, infection, and inflammation

inflammation has three types of cells: left shift, leukemoid reaction and leukoerythroblastoic

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23
Q

What are the key characteristics of lymphocytosis?

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A

benign leukocytosis
caused from fighting an infection
two types

mature: lots of normal cells from infectious, pertussis, transient stress

reactive: lots of abnormal cells from viral hepititis, immune disorders, mononucleosis, pediatric viral infections
has downey cells: abnormal nucleus

24
Q

What is the key characteristic of basophilia?

25
What is the key characteristic of monocytosis?
Causes: infection, autoimmune disease, malignancies
26
What is the key characteristic of eosinophilia?
Causes: drugs, asthma, skin, parasites
27
What is leukemia?
Malignancy of hematopoetic cells Starts in the bone marrow and spreads to blood or nodes Myeloid or Lymphoid cells
28
What is the difference between acute and chronic?
Acute is sudden onset, rapid fatality, children or elderly, immature cells Chronic is slower onset, longer course in adults, and more mature cells
29
What are key characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia?
``` malignant proliferation of immature myeloid blasts bad prognosis many types Auer rods in M3 Shortage of platelets in M5 Multinucleated RBC in M6 treatment: chemo or bone marrow transplant myelodysplastic syndrome can lead to AML ```
30
What are the key characteristics of acute lymphoid leukemia?
most common in children good prognosis "hazy" nucleus classified by immunophenotype (T is bad; B has starry sky pattern) treatment: chemo or bone marrow transplant
31
What are the key characteristics of chronic myeloid leukemia?
longer course hypercellular bone marrow left shift usually in adults philidelphia chromosome (translocation of 9 + 22) three phases going from ok to bad (chronic, accelerated, blast) treament: gleevec
32
What are key characteristics of chronic myelofibrosis?
teardrop cells panmyelosis advances to marrowfibrosis extramedullary hematopoesis
33
What are key characteristics of polycythemia vera?
thick blood that leads to hypertension | secondary PV- anything that raises EPO
34
What are key characteristics of essential thrombocythemia?
high platelet count | secondary thrombocythemia- bleeding or tumors
35
What are key characteristics of chronic lymphoid leukemia?
``` most common in adults indolent (non painful) incurable cannot produce antibodies treatment: treat infections ```
36
What are the key characteristics of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
too much lymphocyte usually in adults 40 or older symptoms: painless firm lymphodenpathy B symptoms: weight loss, night sweats, fever
37
What is the difference between low grade and high grade Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma?
Low grade - older, incurable, sm. mature cells, non-destructive High-grade - younger aggressive, large, and destructive
38
What are key characteristics of small lymphocytic lymphoma?
``` low grade, non-hodgkins small mature lymphocytes increased CD5 long course infections lethal ```
39
What are the key characteristics of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue?
low grade, non-hodgkins associated with H. pylori can be cured with antibiotics
40
What are the key characteristics of follicular lymphoma?
low grade, non-hodgkins small cleaved cells "centroblasts" grade based on centroblasts count stages: 1. single node 2. 2 or more nodes on same side of diaphram 3. lymph nodes on both sides of diaphram 4. diffuse extranodal involvement first two stages have a better chance of 5 year survival
41
What are the key characteristics of Mycosis Fungoides/Sezary Syndrome?
low grade, non-hodgkins cerebriform lymphocytes T-cell immunophenotype
42
What are the key characteristics of Large cell Lymphoma?
high grade, non-hodgkins | large B cells, bad prognosis, grows rapidly
43
What are the key characteristics of Lymphoblastic Lymphoma?
high grade, non-hodgkins mediastinal mass teenage boys same as ALL
44
What are the key characteristics of Burkitt Lymphoma?
``` high grade, non-hodgkins associated with EBV children; usually genetic extranodal mass starry sky pattern ```
45
What are key characteristics of Hodgkins Lymphoma?
large lymph nodes, usually occurs in people around 30 years, good prognosis, contiguous spread, reed-sternberg cells (multinucleated cells) 5 subtypes
46
What are the five subtypes of Hodgkins Lymphoma?
``` Classic: Nodular sclerosis Mixed cellularity Lymphocyte Rich Lymphocyte Depleted ``` Non-classic: lymphocyte predominance
47
What are the key features of Myeloma?
Features: monoclonal gammopathy (cannot produce antibodies), osteolytic lesions, increased plasma cells Manifestation: weakness, infection, bone pain, Bence Jones proteins in urine, renal failure Treatment: chemo/radiation, bone marrow transplant
48
What is CRAB in terms of Myeloma?
Calcium elevated Renal Failure Anemai Bone Lytic Lesions
49
Coagulation Tests: what is the difference between partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin?
PTT measures intrinsic | PT measures extrinsic
50
What are the key characteristics of Von Willebrand Disease?
Most common bleeding disorder Autosomal dominant VW factor is low Symptoms: mucosal bleeding, deep joint bleeding Lab tests: bleeding time long? PTT long PT normal
51
What are the key characteristics of Hemophilia A and B?
A- most common factor deficiency, X linked recessive, factor 8 reduced B- factor 9 low, less common, x-linked recessive, similar clinical presentation Both coagulation test normal
52
What are the key characteristics of disseminated intravascular coagulation?
Clotting randomly but not where it is needed can create ischemia in some parts but hemorraging in others
53
What are the key characteristics of thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura?
Thrombotic microangiopathies deficiency of ADAMST13
54
What are the key characteristics of Hemolytic uremic syndrome?
Thrombotic microangiopathies Related to E.coli and toxin damage endothelium Symptoms: MAHA, thrombocytopenia, fever
55
What are the key characteristics of idopathic throbocytopenic purpura?
Platelets covered in antibodies and therefore cannot do their function. Get larger bruises
56
What is thrombosis?
intravascular clot or thrombus fates: propagation, embolization, dissolution, organization, recanalization two types: mural (adheres to cell wall, partially restricting) and occlusive (thrombi that cuts off blood flow)

DMD 5243 (9 decks)

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