Cell Death, Injury, and Adaptions- Bikman Flashcards
What are the reversible changes of the cell?
atrophy, involution, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
Atrophy
reduced cell size
Involution
reduced number of cells
Hypertrophy
increased cell size
Hyperplasia
increased cell number, makes organ larger
Metaplasia
cell changes to another type of cell (usually related)
What is persistent metaplasia called?
dysplasia
Oxygen deprived tissue is called what?
ischemia
A cell with low oxygen is called what?
hypoxia
A cell with no oxygen is called what?
anoxia
Reperfusion injury is what?
When there is rapid restoration of blood to ischemic tissues; mitochondria are overwhelmed
Name some causes of cell injury
oxygen deprivation, chemicals, oxidative stress, nutrition imbalance, temperature, radiation, infection, immunologic
If hypoxia and anoxia are not corrected, what occurs?
The cell will lyse because there will be too many ions accumulating in the cell because not enough ATP will be produced to keep the sodium potassium working properly. Water follows solute, so the cell with become too filled with water.
What is the appearance of reversible cell injury?
Swelling, altered ion flux, pyknosis, membrane blebbing, fatty change
What is the appearance of irreversible cell injury?
same as reversible, but with greater nuclear change and eosinophilia (RED)
What is necrosis and what are the main steps?
Messy cell death
pyknosis- clumping chromatin
karyorrhexis- fragment of nucleus
karyolysis- chromatin ruptures and dissolutes
What is apoptosis and the main steps?
Programmed Clean cell death
Cell shrinks, pyknosis, apoptic bodies
What are the mechanisms for apoptosis?
mitochondrial is intrinsic
death receptor is extrinsic
both pathways utilize caspases
What is autophagy?
It is the use of other organelles to fuel the cell (last resort)
In regards to necrosis, what kinds of calcification can occur?
dystrophic- calcification occurs anywhere there is necrosis, not necessarily related to hypercalcimia
metabolic- too much calcium in the area (hypercalcimia)
Where does this occur and what it looks like?
Coagulative Necrosis
heart, kidneys, liver, spleen adrenal glands
appears white
Where does this occur and what it looks like?
Liquifactive Necrosis
glial cells, neurons
appears brown and liquidy
Where does this occur and what it looks like?
Caseous Necrosis
combination of both liquifactive and coagulative
appears to look like cheese- ew
usually encased - granuloma
Where does this occur and what it looks like?
Fat Necrosis
breast, PANCREAS, and other abdominal organs
action of lipases (saponification)
Where does this occur and what it looks like?
Fibrinoid Necrosis
arteries
deposits of antigens and antibodies are left in arterial walls
Where does this occur and what it looks like?
Gangrene Necrosis
due to hypoxia in the limbs
Dry-insufficient blood, cracked, coagulative
Wet- infection, liquefactive, cold, swollen, black, pus
