Cell Death, Injury, and Adaptions- Bikman

Question 1

What are the reversible changes of the cell?

Answer 1

atrophy, involution, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia

Question 2

Atrophy

Answer 2

reduced cell size

Question 3

Involution

Answer 3

reduced number of cells

Question 4

Hypertrophy

Answer 4

increased cell size

Question 5

Hyperplasia

Answer 5

increased cell number, makes organ larger

Question 6

Metaplasia

Answer 6

cell changes to another type of cell (usually related)

Question 7

What is persistent metaplasia called?

Answer 7

dysplasia

Question 8

Oxygen deprived tissue is called what?

Answer 8

ischemia

Question 9

A cell with low oxygen is called what?

Answer 9

hypoxia

Question 10

A cell with no oxygen is called what?

Answer 10

anoxia

Question 11

Reperfusion injury is what?

Answer 11

When there is rapid restoration of blood to ischemic tissues; mitochondria are overwhelmed

Question 12

Name some causes of cell injury

Answer 12

oxygen deprivation, chemicals, oxidative stress, nutrition imbalance, temperature, radiation, infection, immunologic

Question 13

If hypoxia and anoxia are not corrected, what occurs?

Answer 13

The cell will lyse because there will be too many ions accumulating in the cell because not enough ATP will be produced to keep the sodium potassium working properly. Water follows solute, so the cell with become too filled with water.

Question 14

What is the appearance of reversible cell injury?

Answer 14

Swelling, altered ion flux, pyknosis, membrane blebbing, fatty change

Question 15

What is the appearance of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 15

same as reversible, but with greater nuclear change and eosinophilia (RED)

Question 16

What is necrosis and what are the main steps?

Answer 16

Messy cell death
pyknosis- clumping chromatin
karyorrhexis- fragment of nucleus
karyolysis- chromatin ruptures and dissolutes

Question 17

What is apoptosis and the main steps?

Answer 17

Programmed Clean cell death

Cell shrinks, pyknosis, apoptic bodies

Question 18

What are the mechanisms for apoptosis?

Answer 18

mitochondrial is intrinsic
death receptor is extrinsic

both pathways utilize caspases

Question 19

What is autophagy?

Answer 19

It is the use of other organelles to fuel the cell (last resort)

Question 20

In regards to necrosis, what kinds of calcification can occur?

Answer 20

dystrophic- calcification occurs anywhere there is necrosis, not necessarily related to hypercalcimia

metabolic- too much calcium in the area (hypercalcimia)

Question 21

Where does this occur and what it looks like?

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 21

heart, kidneys, liver, spleen adrenal glands

appears white

Question 22

Where does this occur and what it looks like?

Liquifactive Necrosis

Answer 22

glial cells, neurons

appears brown and liquidy

Question 23

Where does this occur and what it looks like?

Caseous Necrosis

Answer 23

combination of both liquifactive and coagulative

appears to look like cheese- ew
usually encased - granuloma

Question 24

Where does this occur and what it looks like?

Fat Necrosis

Answer 24

breast, PANCREAS, and other abdominal organs

action of lipases (saponification)

Question 25

Where does this occur and what it looks like?

Fibrinoid Necrosis

Answer 25

arteries

deposits of antigens and antibodies are left in arterial walls

Question 26

Where does this occur and what it looks like?

Gangrene Necrosis

Answer 26

due to hypoxia in the limbs
Dry-insufficient blood, cracked, coagulative
Wet- infection, liquefactive, cold, swollen, black, pus