Inflammation Flashcards
What are the causes of inflamation
tissue necrosis, infections, immune reactions, foreign bodies
What is inflammation
protective innate response to infection or damage
What are the main features of inflammation
vascular reaction and cellular response
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation
heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
What are the mediators of inflammatory response
vasoactive amines, lipid products, cytokines & products of the complement system
example of vasoactive amine
histamine
example of lipid products
prostaglandins
What are lipid mediators
arachidonic acid metabolites - building block for prostaglandins
What is the function of lipid mediators
regulate vasculature
Examples of lipid mediators
prostacyclin, thromboxane, leukotrienes, 5-Hete
What is the function of prostacyclin
cause vasodilation, prevent blood clotting
What is the function of thromboxane
cause vasoconstriction, helps blood clotting
What is the function of 5-Hete
attract neutrophils
What is the function of leukotrienes
cause bronchospasm - important in asthma
What are the two types of protein mediators
cytokines and chemokines
What are cytokines
interleukins, interferons
What is the function of cytokines
induce signalling pathways and promote inflammatory pathways
What is the function of chemokines
attract leukocytes and activate GPRCs
What are chemokines secreted by
macrophages
What do protein mediators cause
increased expression of adhesion molecules, leukocyte activation
What inhibits protein mediators
aspirin
What do prostaglandins stimulate
nerve endings
what are the two forms of macrophages
pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
What is the function of anti-inflammatory macrophages
promote tissue growth
What is the function of pro-inflammatory macrophages
recruit neutrophils
How long do neutrophils survive
24 hours
What is in the cellular infiltrate of chronic inflammation
monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes
What is the cellular infiltrate of acute inflammation
neutrophils
Describe COPD disease
progressive airflow limitation in lungs which is enhanced by chronic inflammation in air ways
Describe acute bronchopneumonia
neutrophils fill alveolar spaces and blood vessels are congested
What are common causes of COPD
smoking, TB, dusty work environment
What characterises COPD
loss of elasticity in alveoli, defective phagocytosis
What are normal alveoli replaced by in COPD
cuboidal epithelium
What releases histamine
mast cells
What are mast cells derived from
basophils
What do macrophages release
pro-inflammatory mediator - tumour necrosis factor
What do cytokines attract
neutrophils
What can cytokines cause
constriction of endothelial cells
What is the effect of constriction of endothelial cells
increase permeability
Describe effect of cytokines
systemic
