HIV, AIDS & Vaccination

Question 1

When was AIDS first discovered

Answer 1

1981

Question 2

What are the risk factors for AIDS

Answer 2

number of partners, recreational drug use and haemophiliacs

Question 3

How is HIV transmitted

Answer 3

blood, semen, vaginal mucus, fluid mixed with blood

Question 4

What are the symptoms of HIV

Answer 4

lip warts, shingles, herpes, thrush, Kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 5

What are the treatments for HIV

Answer 5

anti-retroviral therapy

Question 6

What is the function of anti-retroviral therapy

Answer 6

controls viral replication, allows immune system to recover

Question 7

What are the three classes of anti-retroviral drugs to treat HIV

Answer 7

integrase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion and entry inhibitors

Question 8

How does HIV infect the body

Answer 8

HIV DNA is incorporated into host DNA which makes HIV mRNA

Question 9

How does HIV affect T cells CD4

Answer 9

attaches and infects CD4 cells to multiply and damage their function

Question 10

Describe the effect of HIV on T cell CD4 population

Answer 10

declines, recovers then collapses

Question 11

Why is there a drastic CD4 decline in the gut from HIV

Answer 11

gut is vulnerable to attack

Question 12

What is the function of CD4 receptors

Answer 12

essential for T cell function

Question 13

What is the function of CD4

Answer 13

helps binding of macrophages to helper T cells, stabilises antigen presentation

Question 14

What mutation offers protection against HIV

Answer 14

mutation 32 in CCR5 gene

Question 15

What does mutation 32 in CCR5 give protection against HIV

Answer 15

prevents HIV binding

Question 16

What are the two types of immunity

Answer 16

passive and active

Question 17

Describe active immunity

Answer 17

produced by one-self, natural or acquired, takes days/weeks, usually permanent

Question 18

Describe passive immunity

Answer 18

protection is transferred by transfer of antibody, immediate but short term protection, natural or acquired

Question 19

What substances can be used for vaccines for active immunisation

Answer 19

attenuated live pathogens, killed micro-organisms, microbial extracts , toxoids

Question 20

What is active immunisation

Answer 20

vaccine that is similar to disease, without transfer of disease

Question 21

Describe attenuated live pathogens

Answer 21

weakened strain of disease

Question 22

Describe killed micro-organisms

Answer 22

vaccine consisting of virus particles

Question 23

Describe microbial extract vaccine conjugate

Answer 23

covalently attach pore antigen, to elicit strong immune response

Question 24

Why was the small pox vaccine effective

Answer 24

no animal reservoir, subclinical cases rare, infectivity didnt precede overt symptoms

Question 25

What is the antigenic shift

Answer 25

two or more strains of virus combine to form a new subtype

Question 26

What causes problems when developing vaccines

Answer 26

alteration to virus, antigenic shift

Question 27

what is the antigenic drift

Answer 27

mechanism for variation in viruses that involves accumulation of mutations within genes

Question 28

What immune system does vaccination prime

Answer 28

adaptive immune system