HIV, AIDS & Vaccination Flashcards
When was AIDS first discovered
1981
What are the risk factors for AIDS
number of partners, recreational drug use and haemophiliacs
How is HIV transmitted
blood, semen, vaginal mucus, fluid mixed with blood
What are the symptoms of HIV
lip warts, shingles, herpes, thrush, Kaposi’s sarcoma
What are the treatments for HIV
anti-retroviral therapy
What is the function of anti-retroviral therapy
controls viral replication, allows immune system to recover
What are the three classes of anti-retroviral drugs to treat HIV
integrase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion and entry inhibitors
How does HIV infect the body
HIV DNA is incorporated into host DNA which makes HIV mRNA
How does HIV affect T cells CD4
attaches and infects CD4 cells to multiply and damage their function
Describe the effect of HIV on T cell CD4 population
declines, recovers then collapses
Why is there a drastic CD4 decline in the gut from HIV
gut is vulnerable to attack
What is the function of CD4 receptors
essential for T cell function
What is the function of CD4
helps binding of macrophages to helper T cells, stabilises antigen presentation
What mutation offers protection against HIV
mutation 32 in CCR5 gene
What does mutation 32 in CCR5 give protection against HIV
prevents HIV binding
What are the two types of immunity
passive and active
Describe active immunity
produced by one-self, natural or acquired, takes days/weeks, usually permanent
Describe passive immunity
protection is transferred by transfer of antibody, immediate but short term protection, natural or acquired
What substances can be used for vaccines for active immunisation
attenuated live pathogens, killed micro-organisms, microbial extracts , toxoids
What is active immunisation
vaccine that is similar to disease, without transfer of disease
Describe attenuated live pathogens
weakened strain of disease
Describe killed micro-organisms
vaccine consisting of virus particles
Describe microbial extract vaccine conjugate
covalently attach pore antigen, to elicit strong immune response
Why was the small pox vaccine effective
no animal reservoir, subclinical cases rare, infectivity didnt precede overt symptoms
