Circulatory Disorders Flashcards
What does cardiovascular diseases effect
heart, arterial system, venous system
Wha are the causes of vascular occlusion
thrombosis, embolism, atherosclerosis, external compression
What are the two types of vascular occlusion
arterial and venous
What is a thrombus
solid mass of clotted blood in the cardiovascular system
What is a thrombus made of
endothelial cells, platelets, coagulation cascade
Who do arterial thrombus typically effect
middle aged or elderly, diabetics or smokers
What might cause venous thrombus
immobility - causes stasis of blood
What are the three stages of Virchow’s triad
hyper-coagulation of blood, stasis of blood, vessel wall injury
What is fibrin
insoluble protein formed during blood clotting
What is the function of fibrin
create blood clot structure
What are the lines of Zahn
formed by streaky fibrin
Describe the stability of consecutive clots
unstable
What is pulmonary embolism
venous emboli that pass through the right side of the artery
describe systemic embolism
from arterial system to variety of organs
What is the effect of systemic embolism
necrosis and organ failure
Where does atherosclerosis form
inner surface of blood vessels - intima
What does atherosclerosis cause
damage to endothelium and narrowing of vessels
Where does arteriosclerosis occur
Media of artery wall
What does arteriosclerosis cause
increased wall thickness, decreased elasticity & hypertension
What are the components of an atheromatous plaque
fibrous cap, cellular layer, necrotic core and fatty macrophages
Describe the atheromatous plaque
asymptomatic, small fatty streaks and lesions
What makes up the fibrous cap of the atheromatous plaque
smooth muscle cells, collagen and elastin
What makes up the cellular layer of the atheromatous plaque
macrophages and lymphocytes
What makes up the necrotic core of the atheromatous plaque
dead cell fragments, lipids, fats and foam cells
What are the three stages of plaque formation
endothelial activation and dysfunction, inflammatory response, and recruitment of smooth muscle cells
What does endothelial activation and dysfunction promote in plaque formation
lipid accumulation
What are some of the consequences of plaque formation
narrowing, rupture, emboli, calcification & aneurysms
What causes coronary heart disease
narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaques
What do complete blockages of coronary arteries cause
myocardial infarction - heart attack
What are some of the risk factors of coronary heart disease
age, male, family history, smoking, diabetes, obesity
What are some of the causes of heart disease
anaemia, blockage, reduced blood supply, increased demand
What is arteriogenesis
formation of new arteries
Give two examples of percutaneous coronary interventions
Balloon - angioplasty and wire stent
What is restenosis
when the stent becomes blocked with plaque
How is restenosis treated
anti proliferative and healing agents like taxol
