Circulatory Disorders

Question 1

What does cardiovascular diseases effect

Answer 1

heart, arterial system, venous system

Question 2

Wha are the causes of vascular occlusion

Answer 2

thrombosis, embolism, atherosclerosis, external compression

Question 3

What are the two types of vascular occlusion

Answer 3

arterial and venous

Question 4

What is a thrombus

Answer 4

solid mass of clotted blood in the cardiovascular system

Question 5

What is a thrombus made of

Answer 5

endothelial cells, platelets, coagulation cascade

Question 6

Who do arterial thrombus typically effect

Answer 6

middle aged or elderly, diabetics or smokers

Question 7

What might cause venous thrombus

Answer 7

immobility - causes stasis of blood

Question 8

What are the three stages of Virchow’s triad

Answer 8

hyper-coagulation of blood, stasis of blood, vessel wall injury

Question 9

What is fibrin

Answer 9

insoluble protein formed during blood clotting

Question 10

What is the function of fibrin

Answer 10

create blood clot structure

Question 11

What are the lines of Zahn

Answer 11

formed by streaky fibrin

Question 12

Describe the stability of consecutive clots

Answer 12

unstable

Question 13

What is pulmonary embolism

Answer 13

venous emboli that pass through the right side of the artery

Question 14

describe systemic embolism

Answer 14

from arterial system to variety of organs

Question 15

What is the effect of systemic embolism

Answer 15

necrosis and organ failure

Question 16

Where does atherosclerosis form

Answer 16

inner surface of blood vessels - intima

Question 17

What does atherosclerosis cause

Answer 17

damage to endothelium and narrowing of vessels

Question 18

Where does arteriosclerosis occur

Answer 18

Media of artery wall

Question 19

What does arteriosclerosis cause

Answer 19

increased wall thickness, decreased elasticity & hypertension

Question 20

What are the components of an atheromatous plaque

Answer 20

fibrous cap, cellular layer, necrotic core and fatty macrophages

Question 21

Describe the atheromatous plaque

Answer 21

asymptomatic, small fatty streaks and lesions

Question 22

What makes up the fibrous cap of the atheromatous plaque

Answer 22

smooth muscle cells, collagen and elastin

Question 23

What makes up the cellular layer of the atheromatous plaque

Answer 23

macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 24

What makes up the necrotic core of the atheromatous plaque

Answer 24

dead cell fragments, lipids, fats and foam cells

Question 25

What are the three stages of plaque formation

Answer 25

endothelial activation and dysfunction, inflammatory response, and recruitment of smooth muscle cells

Question 26

What does endothelial activation and dysfunction promote in plaque formation

Answer 26

lipid accumulation

Question 27

What are some of the consequences of plaque formation

Answer 27

narrowing, rupture, emboli, calcification & aneurysms

Question 28

What causes coronary heart disease

Answer 28

narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaques

Question 29

What do complete blockages of coronary arteries cause

Answer 29

myocardial infarction - heart attack

Question 30

What are some of the risk factors of coronary heart disease

Answer 30

age, male, family history, smoking, diabetes, obesity

Question 31

What are some of the causes of heart disease

Answer 31

anaemia, blockage, reduced blood supply, increased demand

Question 32

What is arteriogenesis

Answer 32

formation of new arteries

Question 33

Give two examples of percutaneous coronary interventions

Answer 33

Balloon - angioplasty and wire stent

Question 34

What is restenosis

Answer 34

when the stent becomes blocked with plaque

Question 35

How is restenosis treated

Answer 35

anti proliferative and healing agents like taxol