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BMS109 Pathobiology > Biological agents as causes of disease > Flashcards

Biological agents as causes of disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of pathogens

A

obligate pathogens, facultative pathogens, oppurtunistic pathogens

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2
Q

describe obligate pathogens

A

ONLY survive in host

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3
Q

Describe facultative pathogens

A

present in the environment - wait for host

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4
Q

Example of facultative pathogens

A

Salmonella and E.coli

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5
Q

Describe opportunistic pathogens

A

normally benign but cause disease in compromised host

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6
Q

example of opportunistic pathogens

A

Legionella

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7
Q

what diseases do bacteria cause

A

cholera, typhoid & food poisoning

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8
Q

what diseases do eukaryotes cause

A

malaria and thrush

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9
Q

what diseases do viruses cause

A

AIDS, small pox and thrush

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10
Q

Where do virulence genes normally cluster

A

pathogenicity islands

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11
Q

What can carry virulence genes

A

bacteriophages

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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE - virulence genes can horizontally transfer from bacteriophages

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Where are virulence genes located in shigella

A

virulence plasmids

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14
Q

Where are virulence genes located in salmonella

A

pathogenicity islands

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15
Q

Describe the life cycle of fungi

A

complex - show dimorphism

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16
Q

How do fungi exhibit dimorphism

A

grows as mould at low temps, yeast when in lungs

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17
Q

Why is it hard to treat fungal infections

A

eukaryotic nature and dimorphism

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18
Q

What happens to fungal yeast when its ingested into the lungs

A

engulfed by macrophages

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19
Q

Example of disease caused by protozoa

A

malaria

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20
Q

Describe malaria

A

insects used as vector, switches between human & mosquito host

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21
Q

What are the protective barriers of human body

A

flora, mucous and epithelia

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22
Q

What are flora

A

dense epithelia with bacterial & fungal flora

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23
Q

Where is mucous secreted

A

small intestine and bladder

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24
Q

How do epithelia work as a barrier

A

tightly packed to prevent entry

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25
What are bacterial effectors
proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into host
26
Where are virulence effector proteins encoded
pathogenicity islands of gram negative bacteria
27
Example of bacteria with virulence effector proteins
Salmonella
28
How do virulence effector proteins enter the host
injected into target host cells like intestinal epithelial cells
29
What do virulence effector proteins do to the host cell
manipulate cellular signalling pathways to establish infections
30
Name two bacterial features
P Pilli, Adhesins
31
What is the function of adhesins
allows anchorage to epithelia
32
Describe the type III secretion system
needle like device that injects virulence effector proteins
33
What does the type III secretion system create
actin pedestal
34
What does the type III secretion system allow to enter the cell
toxins and virulence effector proteins
35
How do effector molecules regulate biological activity
bind to proteins to increase or decrease enzyme activity, gene expression or signalling
36
What molecule do virulence effector proteins act like
ligands
37
What does actin polymerisation enable
tight adherence which destroys microvilli
38
What triggers actin polymerisation
extracellular pathogens
39
What is intimin
ligand that ONLY interacts with Tir
40
What is the effect of tir and intimin on the host cells
rearrangement of host cell morphology
41
How does the actin pedestal cause gastroenteritis
destroys brush border microvilli in intestine
42
What bacteria typically evades the immune system by hiding in cells
Legionella
43
How do bacteria evade the immune system
hide in macrophages
44
What are the two types of actin polymerisation
zipper and trigger
45
What pathogens use the zipper mode of actin polymerisation
Listeria and yersinia
46
What pathogens use the trigger mechanism of actin polymerisation
Salmonella and shigella
47
What happens if Listeria crosses the BBB
causes meningitis
48
What does listeria secrete
listeriolysin O - protein that breaks down membrane of phagosome
49
What happens to listeriolysin O once it enters the cytoplasm
mis folds and degrades
50
Why does listeriolysin O mis-fold in the cytoplasm
pH is too alkali
51
What is listeriolysin
pore forming toxin
52
What does listeria bind to to trigger actin polymerisation
e-cadherin
53
What do antibiotics inhibit
cross linking of peptidoglycan
54
What do viruses contain
nucleic acid and protein coat
55
Why do viruses need proteins
replicate and package the genome
56
What are the 3 stages of the life cycle of a virus
lytic, lysogenic and latent
57
Describe the lytic stage of a virus
viruses cause cell to burst open
58
describe the lysogenic stage of
integration of virus DNA into host's genome
59
describe the latent stage of virus life cycle
viral genome is quiet and X virus proteins are translated
60
What is the baltimore classification based on
central dogma that minus sense DNA is transcribed by RNA transcriptase
61
describe virus class 1
dsDNA virus - same structure as cellular DNA
62
Examples of diseases caused by viral class 1
herpes, papilloma virus, and adenoviruses
63
describe viral class 2
ssDNA copied into dsDNA
64
example of viral class 2
parvovirus
65
Describe viral class 3
viral enzyme copies ddRNA into mRNA
66
example of viral class 3
rotavirus
67
describe viral class 4
(+) ssRNA directly makes viral proteins
68
example of viral class 4
polio
69
describe viral class 5
uses RNA polymerase to make mRNA from (-)RNA
70
What is the product of all the viral classes
mRNA for protein production
71
example of viral class 5
ebola and influenza
72
example of viral class 6
AIDS & leukaemia
73
describe viral class 6
reverse transcriptase enables transcription of (+)RNA into dsDNA
74
how do viral class 6 make mRNA
incorporated into host chromosome
75
describe viral class 7
reverse transcriptase converts dsDNA into mRNA
76
Example of viral class 7
Hepatitis B
77
What are the four types of viral entry strategy
fusion with PM, fusion with membrane after endocytosis, pore formation, endosomal membrane disruption
78
What virus fuses with PM as its entry strategy
HIV
79
What virus fuses with membrane after endocytosis as its entry strategy
influenza
80
What virus causes pore formation
polio
81
what virus causes endosomal membrane disruption
adenovirus
82
How does the viral genome up-regulate
DNA replication & proliferation
83
How does HPV replicate
has its own chromosome so replicates independently of host
84
Why does integration of a virus into basal epithelial cause cancer
genome of basal epithelial has lots of proliferation
85
What is the function of E6 & E7
increase hosts DNA replication machinery
86
What are E6 & E7
oncoprotein's that mediate development
87
How can over expression of E6 & E7 be measured
measure mRNA transcripts
88
What is the function of Rb & p53
prevent cell growth
89
How does Rb prevent cell growth
binds to cell proliferation factor keeping it inactive
90
How dos p53 prevent cell growth
activates safety brakes on cell proliferation
91
How does E6 & E7 overproduction effect p53 & Rb
binds and inactivates them causing de-regulation
92
What are proto-oncogenes
oncogenes that are incorporated into the viral genome
93
what are srcs
proteins involved with cell proliferation
94
what is c-src
powerful activator of cell growth

BMS109 Pathobiology (11 decks)

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