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BMS109 Pathobiology > Biological agents as causes of disease > Flashcards

Biological agents as causes of disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of pathogens

A

obligate pathogens, facultative pathogens, oppurtunistic pathogens

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2
Q

describe obligate pathogens

A

ONLY survive in host

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3
Q

Describe facultative pathogens

A

present in the environment - wait for host

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4
Q

Example of facultative pathogens

A

Salmonella and E.coli

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5
Q

Describe opportunistic pathogens

A

normally benign but cause disease in compromised host

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6
Q

example of opportunistic pathogens

A

Legionella

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7
Q

what diseases do bacteria cause

A

cholera, typhoid & food poisoning

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8
Q

what diseases do eukaryotes cause

A

malaria and thrush

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9
Q

what diseases do viruses cause

A

AIDS, small pox and thrush

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10
Q

Where do virulence genes normally cluster

A

pathogenicity islands

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11
Q

What can carry virulence genes

A

bacteriophages

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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE - virulence genes can horizontally transfer from bacteriophages

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Where are virulence genes located in shigella

A

virulence plasmids

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14
Q

Where are virulence genes located in salmonella

A

pathogenicity islands

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15
Q

Describe the life cycle of fungi

A

complex - show dimorphism

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16
Q

How do fungi exhibit dimorphism

A

grows as mould at low temps, yeast when in lungs

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17
Q

Why is it hard to treat fungal infections

A

eukaryotic nature and dimorphism

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18
Q

What happens to fungal yeast when its ingested into the lungs

A

engulfed by macrophages

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19
Q

Example of disease caused by protozoa

A

malaria

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20
Q

Describe malaria

A

insects used as vector, switches between human & mosquito host

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21
Q

What are the protective barriers of human body

A

flora, mucous and epithelia

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22
Q

What are flora

A

dense epithelia with bacterial & fungal flora

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23
Q

Where is mucous secreted

A

small intestine and bladder

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24
Q

How do epithelia work as a barrier

A

tightly packed to prevent entry

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25
Q

What are bacterial effectors

A

proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into host

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26
Q

Where are virulence effector proteins encoded

A

pathogenicity islands of gram negative bacteria

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27
Q

Example of bacteria with virulence effector proteins

A

Salmonella

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28
Q

How do virulence effector proteins enter the host

A

injected into target host cells like intestinal epithelial cells

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29
Q

What do virulence effector proteins do to the host cell

A

manipulate cellular signalling pathways to establish infections

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30
Q

Name two bacterial features

A

P Pilli, Adhesins

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31
Q

What is the function of adhesins

A

allows anchorage to epithelia

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32
Q

Describe the type III secretion system

A

needle like device that injects virulence effector proteins

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33
Q

What does the type III secretion system create

A

actin pedestal

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34
Q

What does the type III secretion system allow to enter the cell

A

toxins and virulence effector proteins

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35
Q

How do effector molecules regulate biological activity

A

bind to proteins to increase or decrease enzyme activity, gene expression or signalling

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36
Q

What molecule do virulence effector proteins act like

A

ligands

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37
Q

What does actin polymerisation enable

A

tight adherence which destroys microvilli

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38
Q

What triggers actin polymerisation

A

extracellular pathogens

39
Q

What is intimin

A

ligand that ONLY interacts with Tir

40
Q

What is the effect of tir and intimin on the host cells

A

rearrangement of host cell morphology

41
Q

How does the actin pedestal cause gastroenteritis

A

destroys brush border microvilli in intestine

42
Q

What bacteria typically evades the immune system by hiding in cells

A

Legionella

43
Q

How do bacteria evade the immune system

A

hide in macrophages

44
Q

What are the two types of actin polymerisation

A

zipper and trigger

45
Q

What pathogens use the zipper mode of actin polymerisation

A

Listeria and yersinia

46
Q

What pathogens use the trigger mechanism of actin polymerisation

A

Salmonella and shigella

47
Q

What happens if Listeria crosses the BBB

A

causes meningitis

48
Q

What does listeria secrete

A

listeriolysin O - protein that breaks down membrane of phagosome

49
Q

What happens to listeriolysin O once it enters the cytoplasm

A

mis folds and degrades

50
Q

Why does listeriolysin O mis-fold in the cytoplasm

A

pH is too alkali

51
Q

What is listeriolysin

A

pore forming toxin

52
Q

What does listeria bind to to trigger actin polymerisation

A

e-cadherin

53
Q

What do antibiotics inhibit

A

cross linking of peptidoglycan

54
Q

What do viruses contain

A

nucleic acid and protein coat

55
Q

Why do viruses need proteins

A

replicate and package the genome

56
Q

What are the 3 stages of the life cycle of a virus

A

lytic, lysogenic and latent

57
Q

Describe the lytic stage of a virus

A

viruses cause cell to burst open

58
Q

describe the lysogenic stage of

A

integration of virus DNA into host’s genome

59
Q

describe the latent stage of virus life cycle

A

viral genome is quiet and X virus proteins are translated

60
Q

What is the baltimore classification based on

A

central dogma that minus sense DNA is transcribed by RNA transcriptase

61
Q

describe virus class 1

A

dsDNA virus - same structure as cellular DNA

62
Q

Examples of diseases caused by viral class 1

A

herpes, papilloma virus, and adenoviruses

63
Q

describe viral class 2

A

ssDNA copied into dsDNA

64
Q

example of viral class 2

A

parvovirus

65
Q

Describe viral class 3

A

viral enzyme copies ddRNA into mRNA

66
Q

example of viral class 3

A

rotavirus

67
Q

describe viral class 4

A

(+) ssRNA directly makes viral proteins

68
Q

example of viral class 4

A

polio

69
Q

describe viral class 5

A

uses RNA polymerase to make mRNA from (-)RNA

70
Q

What is the product of all the viral classes

A

mRNA for protein production

71
Q

example of viral class 5

A

ebola and influenza

72
Q

example of viral class 6

A

AIDS & leukaemia

73
Q

describe viral class 6

A

reverse transcriptase enables transcription of (+)RNA into dsDNA

74
Q

how do viral class 6 make mRNA

A

incorporated into host chromosome

75
Q

describe viral class 7

A

reverse transcriptase converts dsDNA into mRNA

76
Q

Example of viral class 7

A

Hepatitis B

77
Q

What are the four types of viral entry strategy

A

fusion with PM, fusion with membrane after endocytosis, pore formation, endosomal membrane disruption

78
Q

What virus fuses with PM as its entry strategy

A

HIV

79
Q

What virus fuses with membrane after endocytosis as its entry strategy

A

influenza

80
Q

What virus causes pore formation

A

polio

81
Q

what virus causes endosomal membrane disruption

A

adenovirus

82
Q

How does the viral genome up-regulate

A

DNA replication & proliferation

83
Q

How does HPV replicate

A

has its own chromosome so replicates independently of host

84
Q

Why does integration of a virus into basal epithelial cause cancer

A

genome of basal epithelial has lots of proliferation

85
Q

What is the function of E6 & E7

A

increase hosts DNA replication machinery

86
Q

What are E6 & E7

A

oncoprotein’s that mediate development

87
Q

How can over expression of E6 & E7 be measured

A

measure mRNA transcripts

88
Q

What is the function of Rb & p53

A

prevent cell growth

89
Q

How does Rb prevent cell growth

A

binds to cell proliferation factor keeping it inactive

90
Q

How dos p53 prevent cell growth

A

activates safety brakes on cell proliferation

91
Q

How does E6 & E7 overproduction effect p53 & Rb

A

binds and inactivates them causing de-regulation

92
Q

What are proto-oncogenes

A

oncogenes that are incorporated into the viral genome

93
Q

what are srcs

A

proteins involved with cell proliferation

94
Q

what is c-src

A

powerful activator of cell growth

BMS109 Pathobiology (11 decks)

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