Inflammation Flashcards
Is inflammation acquired or innate?
born with it, not adaptable, same response, no memory, non-specific
What is the function of inflammation
Protects host - btwn lag of exposure to onset of adaptive immune responses
result in pain, loss of function and limiting, it can happen abnormally
NOT PATHOlogical- NORMAL response
What factors drive inflammation?
chemokines and cytokines-
immune cells-pathogen that induces an inflammatory response, target for meds
1] Vasoactive amines, 2] Plasma protein systems, 3] Eicosinoids derived from arachidonic acid (released from phospholipds with cell damage 4] Platelet-Activating Factor, 6] Phagocyte products, 7] Nitric oxide
What molecules are part of the vasoactive amines?
1] Histamine from mast cells and platelets,
2] Serotonin from platelets,
3] B cells in blood can also release histamine
Describe how seasonal allergies can be treated with an anti-histamine
runny nose, itchy, mucosal edema -allergen exposure,
histamine released by mast cells,
anti-histamines block the histamines from binding to its receptors
What molecules are part of the plasma proteins?
1] kinin molecules,
2] complement molecules,
3] clotting/fibrinolysis system
What molecules are part of Eicosinoids derived from Arachidonic acid family
1] Prostaglandins,
2] Leukotrienes
Which molecule is a target of NSAIDs?
prostaglandins, to limit inflammation
What drug is used to inhibit leukotrienes?
Montelukast (Singulair)
What molecules are part of the cytokines
1] IL-1,6, 8, 2
2] Tumor necrosis factor
What molecules are part of the phagocytic products family?
1] cationic proteins,
2] neutral proteases,
3] oxygen-derived free radicals
What is a potent vasodilator?
Nitric oxide
promotes inflammation,
few second T1/2
What are the functions of the signals released by CD4 T cells?
1] Macrophage and NK cell activation,
2] Promotion of antibody production,
3] Proinflammatory,
4] Suppression of effector cell function
What are the signals released by CD8 T cells?
Proinflammatory-Enhanced tissue regeneration 1] Cytotoxins, 2] Perforin, 3] Granzymes, 4] Granulysin
What are the signals released by neutrophils?
Proinflammatory 1] Lysozymes, 2] Collagenase, 3] Cathespin, 4 ] Elastase, 5] NETs
How do B cells release histamine?
Promotes the complement cascade
What are the step in inflammation?
1] Immediate vasoconstriction (denies blood flow) and blanching – only lasts a short timeseconds to minutes
Skin white
2].Acute vascular response – increased permeability and vasodilation (hyperemia)
3] Acute cellular response – movement of white/red cells into injured area,
4] f chronic cellular response if sufficient damage – led by macrophages, and then
5] ultimately resolution
Fingernail scratch- white at first when it blanches then it will become a red welt (vasodilation)
Why is increased permeability and vasodilation important during inflammation?
vessels become more permeable leak fluid->
fluid big component of inflammatory process
What are the 4 classical hallmark of inflammation??
1] Rubor, -red
2] Tumor- inc. size
3] Calor- warm
4] Dolar- pain pressure
***5] Loss of function, example joints become less flexi when inflamed
What are acute phase reactants?
proteins whose serum concentrations rise or fall by 25% or more in inflammatory states
change in homeostatic mechanisms in response to pathology –
so used as markers to test for inflammation
Non-specific, EXCEPT for temporal arteritis, which will have elevated ESR
What is the first identified APR
C-reactive protein-sign inflammation is happening OnLY
Assessing risk in cardivascular patients
1] Binds damaged cells, nuclear proteins, pathogens,
2] Activates complement pathway, and proinflammatory cytokines
no known values,
What measures the change in viscosity of blood created by enhanced APR protein?
Estimated Sedimentation Rate,
thicken of blood, increases viscosity
Cells settle to bottom of vertical tube LONG RATE= HIGH RATE/INc ESR , takes longer to settle
inflammation = viscosity of the blood increases due to the amount of products produced
How useful is ESR?
Less w/in isolation,
HELPFUL when CRP elevated
HIgh in obesity d/t IL-6 from adipose tissue
Describe the ESR in anemic patients
absence of red cells reduces viscosity (low red count) and sed RATE rises
