Blood and Gas

Question 1

Compliance

Answer 1

change in volume related to a change in pressure

pulmonory a. blood enters the artery, large diameter, thin-walled vessels=expansion

Question 2

Pressures

Answer 2

RV-sys 25 dia 1
Ppa- sys 25 dia 8
LV- 100-120

Question 3

Pulmonary artery pressure

Answer 3

Dia 8 mmhg in order to keep blood flow going. Pressure travel High to Low. Bronchioles capillary Dia 7mmhg.

Question 4

Capillary pressure

Answer 4

Low hydrostatic pressure for absorbtion ~7
to return blood to LA ~1-5 (supine ~2mmHG)
If HIgh hydrostatic pressure, caps more permeable

Capillaries continuous flow
If low O2 in alvoel, caps constrict in order to obsorb
Avoid edema by constrict, they dont pemeate more

Question 5

Blood volume

Answer 5

450mL total Respiratory 5%
70ml in caps
Shunt and Dams

Question 6

How does blood get to oxygenated location?

Answer 6

Lungs regulate own blood flow. Alveolar O2 drops 70% ~70PavO2 by constrict of vessels near
Resistance moves blood to other capillary where O2 is higher

Question 7

Zones of Flow

Answer 7

refers to the balance btwn the Pcap blood vs the Paveloi around capillary
Not geographic, different flow bc tall, gravity

Zone 1- contrict @Apex Pav&raquo_space;Pcap, capillary stays closed. LOW blood flow

Zone 2- intermittent Pav high, pulsatile during systole and diastole

Zone 3- continuous flow.
Pcap >Pav

Zone interchangeable- in oder to profuse and

Question 8

Eexercise effects

Answer 8

CO 6x fold
Lung will accommodate pressure, to mitigate edema
By interchangeable zones
inc capillary open
inc. flow rate through the alveolar capillaries b/c of inc surface are
inc. absorption
inc. the ventilatory rate of the alveoli,
diffusion capacity of the respiratory membrane’s 3x

Question 9

Damming

Answer 9

LA is receiving blood from the pulmonary circuit,
IF LV fails to eject the blood CHF
have a backup of blood in the atrium
Closed circuit
Inc. Patrium will inc Pcap pressure. 1:1 ratio inc.
30mil Pulmonary edema

Question 10

Daltons Law of Pressure

Answer 10

total pressure exerted on a container by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of all the pressures of the individual gases.
Important dt atmospheric air is a mixture of gases.
21% of that 760 is the partial pressure of oxygen.

Question 11

Flow= Pressure/Resistance

Answer 11

bigger the pressure differential between one set of a membrane and another,
the greater the rate of diffusion will be.

Question 12

Henry’s Law Gases in solution

Answer 12

pressure, concentration of the gas in the solution and its solubility. move more easily in and out of a solution than others.

Factors- High to low press, 
High to low concentration, 
Solubility determines Rate
Cross secitonal area
Distance
Weight of gas
Temp.

Question 13

alveolar membrane

Answer 13

as an air fluid interface, air comes in contact with water pressure differentials across that interface, determine which ways gases are moving and rate by partial pressures

alveolar basement membrane and endothelial cell of the capillary.,very thin at this point.

Question 14

Alveolar Air vs Atmospheric

Answer 14

Nasal passage warms the hair, Other gases and O2 becomes vapor, adds to O2, helps dissolve in blood 47ml

Alveolar O2 less than atmospheric content

O2, CO2 constantly turning over low concentration

PO2 100mmHG not 160 bc of these factors

Question 15

Gas exchanged in alveoli

Answer 15

O2 enters with inhale
Diaphragm drops- for lung expansion
O2 high in Pav >Pcap (deoxy)
The pressure diff. will force O2 in blood
O2 solubility poor
Larger Pressure diff

CO2 similar, different pressures
Soluble in mixture is fast (diff to measure)
20x vs O2 
Back in alveoli (40-47)
Exhaled

Question 16

{Alveolar}

Answer 16

Factor for turn over
Ventaliatin rate
Diffusion/profuse of gas across membrane

Question 17

Respiratory Unit

Answer 17

Bronchioles
Alveoli ducts
Sacs (many sacs)
Alveoli

Question 18

Pathology affecting membrane

Answer 18

Pneumonia- aveloi fluid filld, difficult to absorb and diffuse

Emphysema-alveoli sacs destroyed

Question 19

Diffusion capacity respiratory membrane

Answer 19

gas that will diffuse through the membrane each minute for a partial pressure difference of 1 millimeter of mercury.
230mL of O2/min diffuse

Question 20

ventilation profusion ratio,

Answer 20

relationship between the ventilation of the alveoli
and the blood flow in the capillaries.
VAQ
0= no ventilation, no gas exchange, no blood flow

2.5 times the ideal
that represents a physiologic dead space,
more ventilation than there is profusion.

Question 21

PpAV

Answer 21

determined by the rate
at which the alveoli are ventilated and the rate of transfer of gases across the membrane.
Some well ventilated
Some better blood flow

Question 22

Shunt

Answer 22

blood that leaves the heart and comes back without exchanging gases is considered shunted, i

blood that’s poorly oxygenated coming to the left atrium
from the pulmonary circuit would be considered shunted blood.

Bronchial blood that feeds lungs

want arterial blood
to have a greater oxygen content than venous blood.

Question 23

physiologic dead space

Answer 23

an alveolus where there is oxygen but no blood supply, and all of the oxygen in the dead space part of the respiratory tract is considered wasted
preparation of title volume

top of the lungs, where there is air but less blood flow.

bottom of the lungs, a physiologic shunt, where there’s more blood flow but less air.
Emphezema- damage alveoi sacs no blood flow VAQ 0

Question 24

DVT

Answer 24

pulmonary embolism travel for LE to Lung
Risk-surgeries, trauma,  catheters who clot, lower extremity stasis, long distance air travel
 1/1000
AA
M=W(less)

S/S: chest pain, or thoracic pain, upper abdominal pain, syncope,
hemoptysis, SOB, painful breathing, sudden onset of wheezing, a new cardiac arrhythmia, or any other unexplained symptom
hypertensive, chest x-ray, atelectasis that might look like pneumonia, friction rub #1 tachypneic (90%)

Classic triad: #1dyspnea, difficulty
or painful breathing, 2- chest pain, 3- hemotpsis

Question 25

Hampton Hump

Answer 25

xray classic wedge shaped 
opacity edge of lungs. manifast pulmonary infarction, death of tissue, emboli blocking blood flow.
CT see emboli- GOLD
VQ-old school
Aubry Hampton

Question 26

Virchow’s triad :

Answer 26

stasis, pooling of blood,
hypercoagulability,
damage to the endothelium.