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SMUSPG-PHY1 > CANCER PATHOPHYS > Flashcards

CANCER PATHOPHYS Flashcards

1
Q

Define Carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of epithelial tissue

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2
Q

Define Osteoma

A

benign tumor of bone tissue

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3
Q

Define Sarcoma

A

malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin

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4
Q

Define Papillomas

A

benign microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike projections growing on a surface

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5
Q

What are characteristics of a benign tumor?

A

1] cells that look like normal tissue cells,
2] normal function of the tissue (like secreting hormones), 3] capsule
4[ do not invade neighboring tissues

Problem
1] may L/T over secretion of hormones,
2] damage organs by compressing them

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6
Q

What type of issues could uterine fibroid cause

A

Severe pain, cramps, excessive uterine bleeding

Bleeding- bc contractions of the uterus during menstruation is to slowing it down.
cannot contract efficiently w/ fibroid
NO slowing down

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7
Q

How would a malignant tumor present?

A

1] do not look like normal adult cells, not perform the normal functions of the organ
2] divide rapidly and mutate faster change type,
3] not have clear boundaries and can send legs out- crablike
4] compress
5] metastasize

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8
Q

Is metastasis specific to cancer?

A

No, for example, endometriosis, with endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

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9
Q

What are nonspecific generalized effects of cancer

A 
1] Weight loss, 
2] Muscle wasting, 
3] Weakness, 
4] Anorexia,
 5] Anemia, 
6] bone breakdown
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10
Q

What is normal with overprodcution in cancer?

A

Benign tumors may cause o
MC decrease production of normal organ secretions
THYROID exception INC T3

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11
Q

What are local effects of tumor growth?

A

1] Bleeding,
2] Compression; blood vessels-Super Vena cava snydrom
Portal HTN-liver
3. lymph vessels-Edema, ascites, effusion
4. hollow organs-cause fistula formation, obstructions etc.
5. nerves- pain, paralysis

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12
Q

What do malignant neoplasms produce and secrete substances not normally associated with the tissue of origin or that cancer?

A

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

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13
Q

What does small cell carcinoma of the lung secrete

A

ACTH, ADH

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14
Q

What does Squamous cell bronchogenic carcinoma secrete

A

PTH

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15
Q

What does Hepatocellular carcinoma secrete

A

insulin like, EPO

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16
Q

What does Mesothelioma secrete

A

insulin like

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17
Q

What does Choriocarcionma secrete

A

TSH like

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18
Q

What does Breast carcinoma secrete

A

PTH

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19
Q

What does Renal cell carcinoma secrete

A

EPO, PTH, renin, ACTH, gonadotropin

20
Q

What is acrochordon

A

Skin tag, cosmetic neoplasm

21
Q

Describe metastasis

A

Tumor cells break off of the primary tumor,
infiltrate into the vasculature,
carried in the blood stream to leave the vessel at a distant site, this can make where tumors metastasize predictable

hemodynamic-mestasis via blood vessels

22
Q

where liver cancer would typically metasisize to

A

enter the bloodstream to IVC
enter pulmonary artery and metastasize to the lung,
then come back to heart
move systemically elsewhere

23
Q

where colon cancer would typically metasisize to

A

enter the portal circulation to the liver.

24
Q

where testicular cancer would typically metasisize to compared to scrotal cancer

A

venous return to paraspinous veins around the lower parts of the spinal cord.
Skin on the scrotum has superficial venous return. Testicles have visceral venous along the vertebral column.
can enter the CNS
much less likely to show up in the brain or spinal cord. can metastasize to the lungs once they get back to the heart.

25
Q

What number is cancer on the list of leading causes of death in adults and in children in the US?

A
  1. Heart dz
  2. Cancer
  3. CVA
26
Q

What are the top 3 new type of cancer in men?

A

1] Prostate 29%,
2] lung and bronchus 14%,
3] colon and rectum 10%

27
Q

What are the top 3 new type of cancer in women?

A

1] breast 30%,
2] lung and bronchus 12%,
3] colon and rectum 11%

28
Q

Based on mortality what is the top type of cancer?

A

lung and bronchus cancer

29
Q

Why do prostate and breast cancer have a lower mortality rate now

A

better at managing it

prostate cancer slow growing

30
Q

What is one of the important predictors of cancer risk?

A

Family history

Multiple endocrine neoplasm (MEN) syndrome
family different endocrine related cancers

31
Q

Describe Lynch syndrome

A

high risk of colon cancer as well as other cancers including endometrial cancer (second most common), ovary, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, and skin.

32
Q

Describe the risk of cancer associated with BRCA gene

A

lifetime risk of 80% with a BRCA 1 or 2 mutation.

50% >65

33
Q

List what factors can be a predisposition to cancer

A 
1]Geography and racial factor- 
1] Stomach cancer: Japan 
2] Liver hepatoma: Asia  
3.] Breast cancer: USA 
4] Prostate cancer: African-American? Testosterone
2] Exposure to carcinogen agents-chemicals that modify DNA  
1] Chemical carcinogen, 
2] Radiation, 
3] Oncogenic viruses, 
4] Loss of immune regulation?

3] Age,
4] Hereditary predisposition,
5] Acquired preneoplastic disorder

34
Q

What Ashkenazi Jews more prone to?

A

1] Tay-Sachs disease, 2] Niemann-Pick disease, 3] Gaucher disease

35
Q

Define protocarcinogen

A

carcinogens that require metabolic conversion to form active carcinogen

36
Q

What cancer is associated with Cigarette smoke, Nitrosamine (meats, sausages)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (gasoline)
Asbestos
Arsenic
Alkalating agents

A

Smoke-multiple

Meats- gastric cancer

Gas-bronchogenic carcinoma

Asbestos- bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma
squamous cell carcinoma of skin and lung, angiocarcinoma of liver

Alkylating- leukemia, lymphoma
virus/infx?

37
Q

What type of radiation can cause cancer?

A

UV - UVB MC carcinogenic
Produces pyrimidine dimers in DNA, difficult to replicate

ionizing radiation-X-ray and γ-ray, protons, neutrons, α and β particles,
Cell in mitosis or G2 most sensitive

38
Q

What is rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder of DNA repair in which the ability to repair damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) light is deficient?

A

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

39
Q

What is cause of Atomic bomb: leukemias, thyroid cancer; Uranium miners: lung cancer?

A

ionizing radiation leading to cancer

40
Q

What is an RNA virus that is oncogenic

A

human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1)

causesAdult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)-Japan and Caribbean

41
Q

List the DNA oncogenic viruses

A

1] Hepatitis B virus (HBV),
2 ] Kaposi-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8),
3] Human papilloma virus (HPV),
4] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

42
Q

List the types of cancers/disorders Epstein barr virus can cause

A

1] Burkitt lymphoma (small non-cleaved lymphoma),
2] Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas: in immunosuppressed (IS) patients,
3] CNS lymphoma in AIDS,
4] Hodgkin lymphoma

43
Q

What are the different types of hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Mixed cellularity,
Lymphocyte depletion,
Lymphocyte rich Hodgkin disease

44
Q

What eye issue is 40% due to autosomal dominant trait; 60% sporadic

A

retinoblastoma
Train in family-Children 50% chance inhering a gene,
90% chance of developing RB,
Usually in both eye, but single 1st

following successful surgical cure of retinoblastoma- high risk for osteosacroma and fibrosacroma

45
Q

Describe the cause of sporadic retinoblastoma

A

Mutations both copies of the RB1 (the gene encode protein pRB)

Tumors form generally in only one eye, No increased risk of other cancers

46
Q

What are important history to consider when screening for cancer

A 
1] Personal, 
2] Family, 
3] Employment, 
4] Habits, 
5] Hobbies
47
Q

What are routine screens to perform when screening for cancer

A

1] PAP (Cervical)
, 2] Colonoscopy (Colon),
3] Mammogram (Breast),
4] Lung Cancer Screening (controversial)

SMUSPG-PHY1 (15 decks)

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