Gas Transport

Question 1

Law of mass action

Answer 1

Primary use for buffering our blood
Buffering- lessen the impact, prevent rapid change when acids or base are added to solution.
*CO2+H20__H2CO3__H + HCO3-

side of the equation with more substrates/mass will drive reaction to opposite direction.
If more CO2, rxn goes left to right. vice versa

Question 2

Gas pressures in various spaces

Answer 2

Alveoli
PpO2 = 104
PpCO2= 40

Venous
PpO2 =40
PpCO2 =47

Systemic Artery
PpO2 =95
PpCO2 =40

Normal Alveolar systemic O2 diff= info about the cause of hypoxemia

Question 3

Gas movement at tissue O2

Answer 3

Extracellular PAO2 40 to arterial Part 95
big diff, so moves easier

Factors: rate of O2 transport and consumption by tissue
40-5mil avg 23 inside cells

Continous pressure gradient high ECF to low ICF in body
IF cells not active, will not consume, ICF higher~40, like ECF~40.

Question 4

Gas transport

Answer 4

PpsysO2 Start w/ 95mmhg d/t mix of alveolar an bronchil
Factors
Surface area- emphysema dec alveoli SA
Exercise- inc d/t flow 1-2-3
Capillary Length thickness
Respiratory membrane thickness- fibrotic lung, edema, restrict lung dz
Gas has own constant rate solubility

Question 5

O2 Buffering by hemoglobin

Answer 5

97% O2 Binds to Hb d/t less soluble in plasma, hop on and off easily, loose and reversible.

Dissovled O2 measured for PO2 in artery 40mmHG
Acts to keep O2 on Hb
If body counted attached PO2 in RBC, we hyperventale, keeps O2 moving

Responsive system to pop off O2 due to min changes in pressure

Question 6

Shifting curve and Factors

Answer 6

Right shift- INC: CO2, Temp, DPG (diphosphoglcyerate-glycolytic), metabolism, bicarbonate buffering rxn

Left shift- Fetal hemoglobin (bind stronger, less dissociation

Question 7

Hemoglobin Dissociation curve

Answer 7

inc. in the proportion bound with increasing oxygen.
4 binding sites, easier for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen when more oxygen is already bound
Pushes you down curve site 3,2, 1-lower site easily pops off w/ pressure changes, ?100ml of blood profuse, tissue PO2 drops metabolism, keeps gradient movement

Measures metabosim

Question 8

Chloride shift

Answer 8

Bicarbonate’s a neg ion. leave the RBC, exchange protein which brings a chloride ion into the cell to balance electrical charge

moves one bicarb out and one chloride in.

Question 9

Haldane effect

Answer 9

Inc. CO2 promotes O2 disoccation, shift cure to right

Inc. binding O2 starts release of CO2 from Hb

O2 inc binding inc. RBC acidity, which make Hb have less affinity for CO2

This shifts Bicarb RXN to left for CO2 + water, creating more CO2
Body has to remove someway, so it can release and exhale. Inc more O2 then we blow out CO2

Question 10

Bohr effect

Answer 10

Main-Low PH, acidity ie. Inc CO2, shifts to right to enhance oxygenation. Thus more O2 pop off easier, higher pressure to get to tissue, if acidic

Carrying capacity/saturation not changed

Lungs- as CO2 enter lungs, shifts curve to L so O2 binds to Hb normally, in order to be carried away from lungs

Question 11

Buffering rxn

Answer 11

CO2 bind with water via carbonic anhydrase enzyme to form carbonic acid.
Carbonic acidic dissacocion ot H proton
Moves both direction

Question 12

Exercise

Answer 12

Primary pressure differ in 1//3 alveoli capillaries.
Remaing 2/3 for safety d/t time of excess demand
Aveolar SA inc
Flow inc thru caps

Question 13

what is main factor affecting PpACO2

Answer 13

1. Alveolar ventilation. If ventilation inc. CO2 dec. by exhale out, vice versa. Remove it.
2. Metabolic rate- CO2 main byproduct, bloodstream-Createit
   For Homestais/balance- then have to match the metabolic rate to the ventilatory rate.

For ex. Exercise- metabolism inc- inc. CO2- ventilation inc.-exhale CO2. Not hyperventilation bc they match.

Question 14

Hyper and hypoventilation

Answer 14

mismatch between ventilatory rate and metabolic creation of CO2

hyperventilation decreases PACO2, and increases PAO2 hypoventilation increases PaCO2 and dec. PaO2

if your body temperature decrease your metabolic rate dec. less CO2. If there was no change in your ventilation, you could have a normal ventilatory rate, still be considered technically hyperventilating. because your creation of CO2, your metabolic rate is down.

Question 15

3 Factors on PAO2

Answer 15

1. Atmospheric pressure up, PpavO2 up
   For ex. Artificial
2. Flow of O2 regardless of resp. problem, PpAvO2 up,
3. PpAvCO2- PAO2 down
4. Indirectly ventilation affect O2 b/c direct CO2-
   equation low CO2=high O2 hyperventilation

Question 16

CO2 in tissues

Answer 16

~7mil diff. Lower diffusion gradient
Tissue/blood ~45-47
Alveoli ~40

Question 17

Hb sites

Answer 17

Site 4-O2 attaches here if PaO2 100, least affinity, 95-100% sat, easily pops off.
Site 3-O2 attaches here if PaO2 40, 75%
Site 2-O2 attaches here if PaO2 26, min needed to keep binded here. greatest affinity,
Site 1-O2 attaches here if PaO2 need for physiology conditions

Venous Hb 75% O2 saturated, Hb 3/4 binded (deoxy, but not really),
No inc. ventilation
Arterial 97% O2 saturated

Question 18

What partial pressure will O2 pop off?

Answer 18

PO2 of oxygen gets lower

and that facilitates its delivery to tissues.

Question 19

Utilization coefficient

Answer 19

5 mLs of oxygen is transported to the tissues, about 25% of saturation,

Question 20

CO carbon monoxide

Answer 20

inhibits O2 binding on Hb, w/ greater affinity to the Hb sites, strong
Shifts to left
Lowers bind affinity

Question 21

DPG

Answer 21

glycolity process
Hight w/ acivitiy
R Curve shift
Hypoxia shifts further to R, causing glycoylisis

Question 22

Anemia

Answer 22

Curve peaks at lower Pp
No shifts
Carrying capacity decrease, even w/ 100% (volume diff)

Question 23

Polycythemia

Answer 23

Curve peaks at lower Pp
No shifts
Carrying capacity decrease, even w/ 100% (volume diff)
Inc RBC, still O2 volume low peak

Question 24

Exercise on curve

Answer 24

same affect as Acid, CO2, temp inc

Shift is right- to release O2 for tissue oxygenation

Question 25

Oxygen metabolism

Answer 25

1mmhg, O2 available for ADP-ATP energy 
O2 available/min depends:
Rate of flow
Amount/blood vol. removed
Disovled 3% in blood- inc. PO2 in aveloi poisoning w/ ventilators posinon b/c extra will be in disolved blood. Can only inc PO2 artificially
Low pressue of O2 fatal, d/t CO

Inc O2 safely, CO2 produced metabolically will inc. ventilation, move more gas

Question 26

Transport CO2 in blood

Answer 26

Highly soluble, moves fast
7% dissolved (matter not created or destroyed?)
70% Bicarbonate rxn HCO3-
20% on Hb (no compete w/ O2

Curve 40-45

Question 27

Hemoglobin and Bicarmanate

Answer 27

the disassociation of carbonic acid
H2CO3___H+ +HCO3
a proton and bicarb

proton binds with oxygenated hemoglobin
and drive that reaction to the left.
promotes the disassociation of oxygen from hemoglobin.

roll together in hemoglobin and oxygen metabolism.