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SMUSPG-PHY1 > ENDO- Hormones > Flashcards

ENDO- Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

where are neurotransmitters released from?

A

axon terminals of neurons into the synaptic junctions and act locally to control nerve cell function

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2
Q

Which neural signaling requires no contact, last hrs-days, target is distant?

A

endocrine hormones
Dispersed anatomy
released by glands or specialized cells into the circulating blood and influence the function of target cells

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3
Q

Which neural signaling requires contact, fast, target is near?

A

neuroendocrine
secreted by neurons into the circulating blood and influence the function of target cells at another location in the body (posterior pituitary)

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4
Q

Describe paracrine signaling

A

A cell uses a hormone signaling mechanism to signal a nearby cell

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5
Q

Describe autocrine signaling

A

Cell releases a substance that turns around to signal/act on the same cell

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6
Q

Describe cytokines

A

peptides secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and can function as autocrine, paracrine or endocrine hormones, ex interleukins, adiopkines

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7
Q

WHich system needs a Chemical nature of signal?

A

Both systems need chemical mediators

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8
Q

Describe how the nervous system and endocrine system differ in anatomy

A

Nervous system is interconnected;

Endocrine is more dispersed since chemical mediators are released in the blood

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9
Q

Define a hormone

A

signaling molecule (chemical signal) released by signaling cell that stimulates effect from target receptor (usually glandular) that exists at a distance, Usually really small amounts circulating with narrow normal ranges

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10
Q

What are the 3 forms of hormones?

A

1] steroids, 2] derivatives of tyrosine, 3] proteins or peptides

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11
Q

What is the difference between peptides and proteins

A

< 100 amino acids is a peptide hormone,

>100 amino acids it’s a protein hormone.

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12
Q

List the derivatives of tyrosine

A

thyroxine and epinephrine (adrenalin)

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13
Q

Which moleucule has a small molecule with carbon ring and 6 double bonds; small active group

A

Tyrosine

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14
Q

Describe Thyroxine (T4)

A

2 tyrosine rings and iodines; and if you add a 2nd and 3rd hydroxyl group you make epinephrine
TWO DITs

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15
Q

Describe the difference in structure between peptides ADH and Oxytocin

A

ADH has PHE and ARG, 2 diff

both very similar in structure and both have sulfide bonds

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16
Q

Describe steroid hormones

A

4 carbon ring
nonpolar, easier to get through cell membrane
example is progesterone

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17
Q

Where is the production of protein/peptide hormones?

A

formed in RER rough endoplasmic reticulum

protein processing here

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18
Q

Where is location of production of Tyrosine?

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

What is important in control of secretion of hormones?

A

secretion is controlled by negative feedback, the amount of the hormone in the blood or secreted, IS NOT important, but the ACTIVITY of the hormone that causes an effect.

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20
Q

What are the action of hormones once binded?

A

All act through receptors,
INDIRECT Chemical cascades provide amplification of signal
when hormone binds to receptor, some have a direct effect and a indirect effect
Stimulates nucleus to make 10k messegers

21
Q

Describe the direct and indirect effect

A

direct effect is on intracellular enzyme

indirect effect is a cascade of enzymatic activity that leads to secondary signaling molecules

22
Q

List the locations of hormone receptors

A

1] In or on the surface of the cell membrane (peptides or proteins)
2] In the cell cytoplasm (steroid)
3] In the cell nucleus (thyroid)

23
Q

Describe the cAMP signaling and what is the most well know hormone receptor.

A

1] hormone binds causing the G protein to release GDP and bind GTP instead,

2] G-protein subunits separate and binds to adenylyl cyclase via phosphorlation.

3] this catalyzes the conversion of cAMP inside the cell,

4] leads to action of the cell

GTP main receptor

24
Q

Describe the cAMP signaling using ADH as an example

A

ADH in renal cells act through 2nd messenger

stimulating adenyl cyclase converting cAMP and

then cAMP acts to phosphorylate other molecules Kinase

and enzymes within the tubular cell to result in insertion of aquaporins

25
Q

Describe the mechanism of steroid hormones

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones have receptor cytoplasmic or nuclear

find receptor, bind and make a transcription factor

which is a complex of the hormone and its receptor and other molecules

Transcription factor alters gene transcription in the production of RNA

26
Q

What is the duration of the effects of thyroid hormone

A

Once bound, thyroid hormone active for up to weeks

27
Q

Which signaling system is most prevalent?

A

cAMP, based on adenyl cyclase

28
Q

What is the general effect of cAMP?

A

phosphorylation of enzymes

29
Q

Describe the Calcium-Calmodulin second messenger system

A

1] Calcium enters and binds to Calmodulin (3 or 4 must bind) causing a conformational change- activated

2] This activates or inhibits protein kinases

30
Q

Describe Two ways how Calcium enters the cell

A

1] Calcium enters the cell via changes in membrane potential that open calcium channels

2] a hormone interacting with the membrane receptors that open calcium channels

31
Q

Describe the phosopholipase C second messenger system

A

1] Hormone binds activates phospholipase C, membrane splits

2] Catalyzes break down of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG,

3] IP3 activates Ca release

4] DAG activates protein kinase C

32
Q

What is significance of DAG?

A

lipid portion of DAG is Arachidonic acid which is prostaglandin precursor

33
Q

What makes hormones difficult to measure

A

maintained at small levels

34
Q

how hormones are measured

A

radioimmunoassay, radio active markers that use competitive binding proteins

will bind to hormones and they are labeled so that they can be measured.

35
Q

What effects our hormones levels in normal situations

A

secretion and how much clearance

36
Q

Describe the metabolic clearance rate

A

Rate of disappearance of a hormone from the plasma/ concentration of the hormone, %

37
Q

How do you measure the metabolic clearance rate of a hormone

A

infuse hormones that are steady and you measure at what rate the hormones stabilized.

38
Q

List the ways hormones are cleared metabolically

A

1] Metabolic destruction,
2] Binding with tissues,
3] Excretion by liver – into feces,
4] Excretion in urine – kidneys

39
Q

Are urine tests possible for hormones?

A

Yes, some

40
Q

Describe the anatomy of pituitary gland

A

the pituitary is located in the base of the brain, sella turcica. I

**composed of two portions that fuse together that are not related to each other in ANY WAY

41
Q

Describe the development of the anterior pituitary

A

adenohypophysis (grandular hypophysis)

back of the throat (Rathke’s pouch), glandular like the GI tract

42
Q

Describe the development of the posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophysis is neuro epithelial, like brain.

43
Q

Describe what controls anterior pituitary activity

A

controlled by releasing or inhibiting hormones by the hypothalamus.

hormones are carried in small capillaries called the hypophyseal portal system (hyptholamu and pituarty)

44
Q

Why is the hypophyseal portal system a “portal system”

A

if you go from one capillary to another without going back to the heart that is a portal system.

45
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

stalk of the pituitary- hypothalamus

divided into different sections or nuclei that release hormones that can stimulate activity

46
Q

Describe how hormones are released by the anterior pituitary

A

TSH stimulated

makes hormones (diff nuclei) and secretes

carried in the infundibulum in the hypophyseal portal system to target cells within the anterior pituitary

47
Q

Describe how hormones are released by the posterior pituitary

A

long nerve fibers coming down from hypothalamus

synapses in the posterior portion that store the hormone

release it when needed into bloodstream

48
Q

Describe the endocrine function of hypothalamus

A

releasing/inhibitory control to the pituitary via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal circulation
Most are RELEASING HORMONES

TRH-FROM HYPTOLAMUS
TO via portal vein
ANT PIT- HORMONES STORED like LSH, TSH, FSH

POST- stors ADH, Oxytocin

SMUSPG-PHY1 (15 decks)

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