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SMUSPG-PHY1 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Transcription Vs. Translation

A

rewriting in the same language- IN NUCLEUS
Genes are nucleic acid chains in DNA double helixes
rewritten to form of messenger mRNA

IN CYTOPLASM-rewriting in different language,
mRNA instructions to form amino acids-protein synthes
LIFE

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2
Q

What are the structure of genes

A

4 nitrogenous bases L/T -A:T, G:C
4 nucleotides- form Double helix nucleic acid chains

sequence of nucleotides along a DNA strand

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3
Q

What are the differences between purines and pyrimidines?

A

Purines-adenine & guanine -2 nitrogen rings
P.A.G

Pyrimidines- thymine & cytosine - 1 nitrogen ring

Base match- AT and GC

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4
Q

What are the steps in transcription?

A

DNA strand unzipped by helicase= 2 strands
1- non-coding strand (antisense) and
1- coding strand (sense strand)

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5
Q

What enzyme initiated transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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6
Q

Compare exons and introns

A

Exons are retained protein-coding regions - 3 bases together on RNA= aa

Introns are regions between exons that are spliced
**NO introns on mRNA

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7
Q

Describe an endonuclease

A

recognizes local distortions of DNA and cleaves it

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8
Q

Describe mitochondrial DNA

A

mother only.

double-stranded closed circle, containing 37 genes

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9
Q

How many nucleotides are needed to code for an amino acid?

A

3 in a codon

amino acid is product of gene translation

Like computer 0,1/genotype, pictures on computer are phenotype/amion acids

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10
Q

Describe how RNA structure is different from DNA

A

RNA
1] Single stranded, vulnerable also enters cytoplasm,
2] Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose,
3] Thymine replaced by uracil (T -> U)

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

1] messenger RNA-from DNA, replication, carries the instructions to cytoplasm.

2] transfer RNA-reads, delivers 3-codon/aa code to rRNA matched aa of mRNA to form chain

3]ER- ribsosomal RNA-translates the instructions to form long chain protein. tRNA bind to mRNA codon- form a protien.

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12
Q

What is the most significant nitrogenous waste

A

metabolism of DNA

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13
Q

What are the steps in Translation?

A

1] The introns are removed and the final mRNA leaves the nucleus to finds ribosomes.

2] Ribosomal RNA on ribosome participates in the assembly of amino acids from mRNA code

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14
Q

WHat is gene expression

A

Refers to activity of genes

Induction- increasing expression, usually by an exogenous agent, ex a drug

Repression-prevention of expression

Operons- promoter sites and structural genes that regulate expression of genes

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15
Q

WHat happens during gene expression when accident of DNA duplication?

A

Mutation

***Inherited mutations- ONLY germ cell DNA duplication accidents and carries genetic information

Somatic mutations are fatal to embryo

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16
Q

Describe disease in terms of genetics

A

combination of susceptibility and environment.
Genetic disorders- inherited trait of germ line mutation.
Some acquire over time via mutations are acquired

17
Q

In terms of a neoplasm is that a inherited or acquired mutation?

A

Mostly acquired

Thryoid cancer- exposure to radiation

18
Q

What is inherited in terms of neoplasms?

A

susceptibilty or probablity that neoplasms may occur

19
Q

How many chromosomes are inherited from each parent?

A

23 one strand from each parent

to make 46 total chromosomes

20
Q

Compare the results of meiosis and mitosis

A

Meiosis: is the process by which we get 4 haploid cells from parent
1 parent

Mitosis 1-replicat-2 daughter cells
4-haploid

Mitosis: cloning the original cell and get 2 full compliments of DNA - 2 daughert

21
Q

What is 3codon/protein structure that we all carry?

A

Genotype
multiple genotypes for one presentation =polygeneic inheritance- most dz and traits

carriers of genetic mutations in genotype may not express their traits to the same degrees

22
Q

What are the physical genetics seen? Why are some phenotypes not expressed?

A

Phenotype
recognizable traits seen

specific
more than one genotype associated with it

23
Q

What is the ability to express itself?

A

Penetrance by a gene

high penetrance = more noticeable.

24
Q

What is each gene mutually dependent on the other?

A

Complimentary genes

25
Q

What is two genes together produce phenotype neither would produce alone?

A

Collaborative genes

ex blood type

26
Q

What codes skin pigmentation?

A

MC1R gene

Fair phenotype- inc risk skin cancer

27
Q

What benefits do carrier with this deleted protein receptor gene have?

A

CCR5 gene

less susceptible to HIV infection and disease progression

28
Q

What is MTHFR?

A

IF folic acid intake is low → risk of
colorectal cancer
adenomas
depression

29
Q

What are risk of eating rare steaks in the NAT2 gene

A

rapid versus slow acetylator SNPs→ Heterocyclic amines in cooked meat → strong association with colorectal cancer

30
Q

What does the UGT1A6 gene do with aspirin?

A

Slow metabolism SNPs → increased benefits prophylactic aspirin

31
Q

What does the APOE gene do with ingested cholesterol?

A

increase in serum cholesterol

all cells have cholesterol in membrane-hormones inc

32
Q

What gene relationship with alcohol intake → MI ?

A

ADH1C

y-2 alleles

33
Q

Is there a gene for better response to asthma drugs?

A

ADRB2

ARG16GLY - better with albuterol

34
Q

Describe genomic Imprinting

A

one parental genome exhibits more expression in

Ovarian teratomas of maternal

hydatidiform moles of paternal lineage

35
Q

Color blindness with hemophilia A is an example of what?

A

Linkage

Genes near each other on a chromosome will tend to travel together w/o being split by crossing over events

36
Q

List the top 10 genetic disorders

A 
1] Familial combined hyperlipidemia, 
2] Familial hypercholesterolemia , 
3] Dominant otosclerosis (early deafness), 
4] Adult polycystic kidney disease, 
5] Multiple exostoses, 
6] Huntington’s disease, 
7] Fragile X-syndrome, 
8] Neurofibromatosis, 
9] Cystic fibrosis, 
10] Duchenne muscular dystrophy
37
Q

How genetic predisposition to high cholesterol can affect treatment of hyperlipidemia?

A

statin therapy,
heart Disease
atherosclerosis.

pts struggle to get cholesterol down, resistant to medication regardless of diet and exercise.

SMUSPG-PHY1 (15 decks)

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