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PoD Test 3 > Inflammation 1 > Flashcards

Inflammation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main processes that occur at the site of inflammation?

A

Vasodilation

Vascular leakage and edema

Leukocyte emigration to extravascular tissues

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2
Q

What is exudation?

A

Escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities

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3
Q

What is the difference between a transudate and exudate?

A

Exudate - high protein content, cellular debris, indicates inflammation

Transudate - low protein content, no cell material, indicates osmotic or hydrostatic imbalance

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4
Q

How does vascular congestion and localized redness develop?

A

Loss of fluid and increased vessel diameter lead to slower blood flow, concentration of red cells in small vessels and increased viscosity

This results in stasis

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5
Q

What are the major mediators of endothelial cell retraction and what kind of response is it?

A

Histamine, Bradykinin, Leukotrienes

Immediate transient response

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6
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

Increased transport of fluids and proteins through the endothelial cell

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7
Q

What to processes promote vascular leakage?

A

Retraction of endothelial cells

Endothelial injury

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8
Q

What three processes make up the movement of leukocytes in the lumen?

A

Margination

Rolling

Adhesion

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9
Q

What factors mediate rolling?

A

Selectins expressed on endothelium, Platelets, and leukocytes

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10
Q

What regulates the expression of selectins and their ligands?

A

Cytokines produced in response to infection and injury

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11
Q

What mediates adhesion?

A

Integrins

Bind more firmly than selectins, stops leukocytes at the site of inflammation

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12
Q

What molecules are involved in transmigration?

A

CD31 or PECAM-1

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13
Q

What are the main chemotaxis agents for leukocytes?

A

IL-8

C5a

LTB4

Bacterial agents

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14
Q

What are the three steps of phagocytosis?

A

Recognition and Opsonization

Engulfement

Killing or degradation

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15
Q

What are the major opsonins?

A

IgG

C3b

Mannose-binding lectin

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16
Q

Describe the oxygen-dependent mechanism for killing microbes employed by phagocytes.

A

NADPH oxidase generates superoxide in the phagolysosome

Superoxide is converted to H2O2

MPO converts H2O2 to hypochlorite (bleach) that destroys microbes

17
Q

What are the two actions of NO in inflammation?

A

Relaxes vascular smooth muscle and promotes vasodilation

Inhibitor of the cellular component of inflammatory response

18
Q

What are the three types of NO?

A

eNOS and nNOS are constitutively expressed at low levels

iNOS is induced when macrophages and neutrophils are activated by cytokines or microbial products

19
Q

What are the oxygen-independent systems of killing?

A

Lysozyme

Lactoferrin

Major basic protein

20
Q

What is Chediak-Higashi disease?

A

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Neutropenia with recurrent infections

Oculocutaneous albinism

Giant lysosomes and melanosomes

21
Q

What is Chronic Granulomatous disease?

A

X-linked recessive

Recurrent infections by catalase-producing microorganisms

Basic defect is NADPH oxidase

22
Q

What are the characteristics of serous inflammation?

A

Low MW proteins

Clear, yellow fluid

No cells

E.g. blisters from burns or viral infections

23
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrinous inflammation?

A

Contains fibrin

Coats a surface, no cells

Fibrinous pneumonia

24
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Local defect of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by necrosis of cells and sloughing of necrotic or inflammatory tissue

25
Q

What is a purulent exudate?

A

Contains large proteins like albumin and fibrin, as well as neutrophils

26
Q

What is an eosinophilc exudate?

A

Eosinophil is prominent

Characteristically occurs in type 1 hypersensitivity

27
Q

What is a hemorrhagic exudate?

A

Damage to endothelial cells and vessel walls allow RBCs to leak into the surrounding tissue

E.g. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

28
Q

What is cellulitis?

A

A diffuse area of acute inflammation composed of edema fluid, bacteria and neutrophils spread through the tissue

E.g. S. pyogenes and flesh-eating infections

29
Q

What is a psueomembranous exudate?

A

Injury results in necrosis of affected tissue lining a surface

Results in the formation of a mebmrane composed of fluid, proteins, neutrophils, RBCs and necrotic tissue

E.g. C. diff

30
Q

What is a mucinous exudate?

A

Inflammation in tissue containing abundant mucin-secreting glands is likely to stimulate mucus secretion

E.g. bronchitis

31
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Focus of acute inflammation composed of pyogenic exudate and necrotic tissue

E.g. S. aureus and K. pneumoniae

32
Q

What is a furuncle and carbuncle?

A

Subcutaneous abscess, usually arising near a hair follicle

Carbuncle - coalesced furuncles

PoD Test 3 (25 decks)

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