Infectious Diseases Flashcards
Penicillin V potassium (PO), penicillin G potassium (IV)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (natural penicillin)
Common indications: pharyngitis, SSTI
Activity against: Streptococcus pyogenes
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
Amoxicillin (PO)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (aminopenicillin)
Common indication: otitis media, pharyngitis
Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
Ampicillin (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (aminopenicillin)
Common indication: intrapartum group B Streptococcus prophylaxis
Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
Augmentin, Augmentin XR
Amoxicillin and clavulanate (PO)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (aminopenicillin) and beta-lactamase inhibitor
Common indication: otitis media, bacterial sinusitis
Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
Other Notes: various ratios of amoxicillin and clavulanate available
Unasyn
ampicillin and sulbactam (IV)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (aminopenicillin) and beta-lactamase inhibitor
Common indication: DFI, IAI
Activity against: MSSA, Bacteroides species
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
Zosyn
Piperacillin and tazobactam (IV)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (aminopenicillin) and beta-lactamase inhibitor
Common indication: HAP, DFI, IAI
Activity against: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
Oxacillin (IV)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (penicillinase-resistant penicillin)
Common indication: CRBSI, endocarditis, SSTI
Activity against: MSSA, Streptococcus pyogenes
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions, elevated hepatic transaminases
Keflex
Cephalexin (PO)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (first generation cephalosporin)
Common indication: SSTI
Activity against: MSSA, Streptococcus pyogenes
key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
Ancef, Kefzol
Cefazolin (IV)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (first generation cephalosporin)
Common indication: Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery, CRBSI, SSTI
Activity against: MSSA, Streptococcus pyogenes
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
IV: Zinacef; PO: Ceftin
Cefuroxime (IV, PO)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (second generation cephalosporin)
Common indication: bacterial sinusitis
Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
Omnicef
Cefdinir (PO)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (third generation cephalosporin)
Common indication: otitis media, bacterial sinusitis
Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
Claforan
Cefotaxime (IV)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (third generation cephalosporin)
Common indication: meningitis, CAP, pyelonephritis
Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coil
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
Rocephin
Ceftriaxone (IV, IM)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (third generation cephalosporin)
Common indication: meningitis, CAP, pyelonephritis
Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions
Maxipime
Cefepime (IV)
Pharmacologic category: beta-lactam antibiotic (fourth generation cephalosporin)
Common indication: meningitis, CAP, HAP, pyelonephritis
Activity against: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Key side effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions, seizures, or encephalopathy with excessive doses
Merrem
Meropenem (IV)
Pharmacologic category: carbapenem
Common indication: meningitis, HAP, DFI, IAI
Activity against: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae
Key Side Effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions, seizures with excessive doses
Cipro
Ciprofloxacin (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: fluoroquinolone
Common indication: pyelonephritis, HAP
Activity against: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, atypicals
Key side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, QTc prolongation, tendon rupture, increased hepatic transaminases, photosensitivity
US Boxed Warnings: may cause disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions including tendinitis and tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, and CNS effects; may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis
Other Notes: take oral fluoroquinolones 2 hours before or 6 hours after products containing divalent or trivalent cations (e.g., dairy products, calcium-fortified juices, oral multivitamins, mineral supplements); safety alerts added in 2018 for increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture, dysglycermias, CNS side effects (including disorientation and delirium)
Levaquin
Levofloxacin (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: fluoroquinolone antibiotic
Common indication: Pyelonephritis, CAP
Activity against: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, atypical
Key side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, QTc prolongation, tendon rupture, increased hepatic transaminases, photosensitivity
US Boxed Warnings: may cause disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions including tendinitis and tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, and CNS effects; may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis
Other Notes: take oral fluoroquinolones 2 hours before or 6 hours after products containing divalent or trivalent cations (e.g., dairy products, calcium-fortified juices, oral multivitamins, mineral supplements); safety alerts added in 2018 for increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture, dysglycemias, CNS side effects (including disorientation and delirium)
Ophthalmic: Vigamox; PO, IV: Avelox
Moxifloxacin (ophthalmic, PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: fluoroquinolone antibiotic
Common indication: ophthalmic: bacterial conjunctivitis; PO, IV: CAP
Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae, atypicals
Key side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, QTc prolongation, tendon rupture, increased hepatic transaminases, photosensitivity
US Boxed Warnings: may cause disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions including tendinitis and tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, and CNS effects; may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis
Other Notes: take oral fluoroquinolones 2 hours before or 6 hours after products containing divalent or trivalent cations (e.g., dairy products, calcium-fortified juices, oral multivitamins, mineral supplements); safety alerts added in 2018 for increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture, dysglycemias, CNS side effects (including disorientation and delirium)
Zithromax, Z-Pak, Zmax
Azithromycin (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: macrolide antibiotic
Common indication: CAP
Activity against: Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia trachomatis, atypicals
Key side effects: diarrhea, QTc prolongation
Biaxin, Biaxin XL
Clarithromycin (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: macrolide antibiotic
Common indication: CAP
Activity against: Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia trachomatis, atypicals
Key side effects: diarrhea, metallic taste, QTc prolongation
Vibramycin, Doryx
Doxycycline (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: tetracycline antibiotic
Common indication: SSTI, CAP
Activity against: MRSA, atypicals
Key side effects: esophagitis, photosensitivity
Other Notes: may cause permanent gray-brown discoloration of teeth and/or enamel hypoplasia when given to pediatric populations; take oral tetracyclines 2 hours before or 6 hours after products containing divalent or trivalent cations (e.g., dairy products, calcium-fortified juices, oral multivitamins, mineral supplements)
Minocin
Minocycline (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: tetracycline antibiotic
Common indication: SSTI
Activity against: MRSA
Key side effects: vestibular side effects, photosensitivity
Other Notes: may cause permanent gray-brown discoloration of teeth and/or enamel hypoplasia when given to pediatric populations; take oral tetracyclines 2 hours before or 6 hours after products containing divalent or trivalent cations (e.g., dairy products, calcium-fortified juices, oral multivitamins, mineral supplements)
Cleocin
Clindamycin (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: lincosamide antibiotic
Common indication: SSTI, pharyngitis
Activity against: MRSA
Key side effects: diarrhea, Clostridium difficile diarrhea
US Boxed Warnings: Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including clindamycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis
Bactrim, Bactrim DS
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: sulfonamide antibiotic
Common indication: SSTI
Activity against: MRSA
Key side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes (rarely SJS or TEN), hyperkalemia, increased serum creatinine, hypersensitivity reactions
Other Notes: fixed ratio (8:1) of sulfamethoxazole and trimpethoprim; dosing based on trimpethoprim component
Macrobid
nitrofurantoin (PO)
Pharmacologic category: urinary antibiotic
Common indication: cystitis
Activity against: Escherichia coli
Key side effects: nausea, pulmonary fibrosis (chronic use)
Gentamicin (IV)
Pharmacologic category: aminoglycoside antibiotic
Common indication: HAP, pyelonephritis, neonatal sepsis
Activity against: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli
Key side effects: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
Vancocin
Vancomycin (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: glycopeptide antibiotic
Common indication: IV: SSTI, HAP, meningitis, endocarditis, CRBSI; PO: CDI
Activity against: MRSA, Clostridium difficile
Key side effects: nephrotoxicity, Red Man’s syndrome
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication if given intrathecal
Flagyl
Metronidazole (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: antibiotic
Common indication: Anaerobic infections, CDI
Activity against: Bacteroides species, Clostridium difficile
Key side effects: nausea, metallic taste, alcohol intolerance, peripheral neuropathy (long-term use)
Bactroban
Mupirocin (topical)
Pharmacologic category: antibiotic
Common indication: MRSA decolonization
Key side effects: no major side effects
Lamisil
Terbinafine (PO, topical)
Pharmacologic category: allylamine antifungal
Common indication: onychomycosis
Key side effects: nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, elevated hepatic transaminases
Zovirax
Acyclovir (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: antiviral
Common indication: herpes simplex virus
Key side effects: nausea, increased hepatic transaminases, crystalluria
Other Notes: vesicant
Valtrex
Valacyclovir (PO)
Pharmacologic category: antiviral
Common indication: herpes simplex virus
Key side effects: nausea, increased hepatic transaminases
Diflucan
Fluconazole (PO, IV)
Pharmacologic category: azole antifungal
Common indication: vulvovaginal candidiasis, oropharyngeal candidiasis
Key side effects: nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, QTc prolongation, increased hepatic transaminases
Nizoral
Ketoconazole (PO, topical)
Pharmacologic category: azole antifungal
Common indication: fungal infections
Key side effects: nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, QTc prolongation, increased hepatic transaminases
US Boxed Warnings: use only when other effective antifungal therapy is not available or tolerated and the potential benefits are considered to outweight the potential risks; serious hepatotoxicity, including cases with a fatal outcome or requiring liver transplantation, have occurred; may cause QTc prolongation and drug interactions leading to QTc prolongation
Tamiflu
Oseltamivir (PO)
Pharmacologic category: neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral
Common indication: influenza
Key side effects: nausea, vomiting, neuropsychiatric events (e.g., confusion, delirium, hallucinations) in pediatric patients (rare)
Bio-statin
Nystatin (PO)
Pharmacologic category: polyene antifungal
Common indication: oropharyngeal candidiasis
Key side effects: no major side effects
Nystatin (topical)
Pharmacologic category: polyene antifungal
Common indication: cutaneous and mucocutaneous fungal infections
Key side effects: burning, itching
Other notes: only use oral solutions for thrush
Mycamine
Micafungin (IV)
Pharmacologic category: eichinocandin antifungal
Common indication: invasive candidiasis
Key side effects: no major side effects
Lotrisone
Clotrimazole and betamethasone (topical)
Pharmacologic category: glucocorticoid and azole antifungal
Common indication: cutaneous fungal infections
Key side effects: burning, itching, dryness, skin atrophy
Other notes: do not use for diaper dermatitis; adrenal suppression with long-term use over large areas of skin
