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D1S U1 Microbiology > Infectious Agents Biology > Flashcards

Infectious Agents Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

60-80% of microbial infections are caused by _____

A

Biofilm bacteria

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2
Q

Oral biofilm bacteria are not randomly distributed, rather they ______ into clumps

A

Co-aggregate

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3
Q

Formation of Biofilms (steps):

A
  1. Reversible adsorption of bacteria
  2. Irreversible attachment “Sessile”
  3. Multiply, microcolonies
  4. Exopolymer production -> biofilm established
  5. Incorporation of other bacteria/materials into biofilm
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4
Q

Bacteria attach to ______, NOT directly to surfaces

A

Conditioning film

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5
Q

Irreversible adsorption is caused by _____

A

Adhesion molecules

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6
Q

Bacterial needs that drive cooperative consortia formation:

A

Physical- bind to other species on surface
Nutritional- by products of metabolism, enzymes, proteins
Respiratory- anaerobes co-aggregate with facultative anaerobes

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7
Q

Mature biofilm is made up of:

A

75-95% extra cellular polymer (web)

5-25% bacteria

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8
Q

Release of bacteria from mature biofilm

A

Biofilm dispersal

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9
Q

Advantages (to microbes) of biofilm:

A
  1. Protection
  2. Rapid acquisition
  3. Nutritional (pool resources)
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10
Q

Advantages (to host) of biofilm:

A
  1. Prevent colonization of harmful organisms (competition)
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11
Q

Process of cell-cell communication by which bacteria monitor the density of members of their species, and other species, in an environment to synchronize behaviors

A

Quorum Sensing

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12
Q

Gram negative QS general mechanism components:

A
  1. Signal molecule: autoinducer (AHL) made by LuxI

2. Receptor/Response regulator: LuxR

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13
Q

Gram+ general mechanism components:

A
  1. Signal molecule: Oligopeptide
  2. Receptor
  3. Response regulator
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14
Q

3rd general mechanism of QS components:

A
  1. Signaling molecule: AI-2
  2. Made by G positive and negative species
  3. Interspecies communication
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15
Q

Quorum Sensing can trigger:

A
  1. Motility
  2. Expression of virulence gens
  3. Biofilm formation
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16
Q

You can either target the _____ or the _____ in QS to inhibit biofilm formation

A

Signaling molecule

Receptor

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17
Q

Gram- rods, strict anaerobes, normal residents of vertebrate intestinal and oral microbiomes, dominant genera, metabolize complex carbs

A

Bacteriodes

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18
Q

Bacteriodes have these two enzymes to detoxify and breakdown ROS

A
  1. Superoxide Dismutase

2. Catalase

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19
Q

Why is B. Fragilis the predominant species in the intra-abdominal abscesses if it is not the most common Bacteriodes in the intestine normally?

A
  1. It evades phagocytosis (anti-phagocytic capsule)
  2. It tolerates the initial oxygenated environment of the peritoneal cavity
  3. Thrives once the environment becomes anaerobic
20
Q

How can abscesses harm the host?

A
  1. Extends by tissue necrosis to nearby sites

2. Serve as reservoirs for bacteria to enter blood

21
Q

How are abscesses diagnosed?

A
  1. CAT scan

2. Culture abscess fluid (ID species)

22
Q

How are abscesses treated?

A

Combined surgical/pharmacological approach

23
Q

Characteristics of peritoneal cavity infections:

A

Biphasic (acute inflammation -> localized abscesses), few species predominate in abscesses

24
Q

How can the peritoneal cavity become infected?

A

Spillage of intestinal material into cavity

25
Q

Severe systemic illness characterized by hemodynamic derangement and multiple organ malfunction, brought about by interaction of microbial components with host macrophages. Begins with bacteremia (bacteria in blood).

A

Sepsis

26
Q

High cardiac output yet low bp and inadequate perfusion of organs

A

Hemodynamic Derangement

27
Q

In Sepsis, the host’s own molecules cause the damage when ____ are recognized by ____.

A

PAMPs (Pathogen associated molecular patterns)

PRRs (Pattern recognition receptors)

28
Q

Primary cytokine mediators of Sepsis?

A

IL-1

TNF-alpha

29
Q

Effect of IL-1 and TNF-alpha on blood vessels:

A
  1. Vasodilation: lowers bp
  2. Vascular leakage: edema, lowers bp
  3. Intravascular coagulation
  4. Increased expression of neutrophil adhesion molecules: degranulation, tissue damage
30
Q

Treatment for Sepsis:

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. IV fluids
  3. Vasopressors
  4. Antibiotics
31
Q

General characteristics of _____: Helical shape, corkscrew-like movement, periplasmic flagella.

A

Treponemes (Spirochetes)

32
Q

Modes of T. pallidum transmission:

A
  1. Sexual

2. Transplacental

33
Q

When T. Pallidum infects, it first enters ____ tissues for ______ replication. It is then carried through ____ channels to systemic circulation.

A

Subepithelial

Extracellular

Lymphatic

34
Q

In primary syphilis, WBCs battle replicating spirochete and inoculation site, forming a lesion or a _____. This lesion increases risk of HIV infection.

A

Syphilitic Chancre

35
Q

In secondary syphilis, bacteria replicate in _____. The body develops rashes on one or more places, even on ____. Because there are many variable symptoms during this stage, it is known as the _____. When symptoms resolve but bacterium persist, this is known as ____.

A

Lymph nodes, liver, joints, muscles, skin, mucous membranes

Palms and soles

Great Imitator

Latent Syphilis

36
Q

____ syphilis is caused by the host’s response to T. Pallidum antigens. Leads to the destruction of host tissues.

A

Tertiary

37
Q

Tertiary syphilis lesions that destroy soft tissue, bone, organs.

A

Gummas

38
Q

Tertiary syphilis -> neurosyphilis -> staggering (i.e. ___), dementia, and loss of motor function (i.e. ____)

A

Ataxic Gait

General Paresis

39
Q

How is syphilis diagnosed?

A

Detecting of antibodies (treponeme)

40
Q

How is syphillis treated?

Possible reason for treatment failure?

A

Penicillin

Inability of penicillin to penetrate CNS

41
Q

What causes Lyme disease?

A

B. Burgdorferi (Borrelia Burgdorferi)

42
Q

What triggers the normally dormant B. Burgdorferi?

A

When tick feeds on mammalian blood-> injected into mammal from tick salivary glands

43
Q

B. Burgodorferi spread within is human is facilitated by it’s ability to bind human _____.

A

Plasmin

44
Q

Stages of Lyme disease:

  1. Localized skin infection- forms a lesion known as _____.
  2. Disseminated infection- damage mediated by host’s response to antigens, involves _____
  3. Symptoms include:
A
  1. Erythema migrants
  2. IL-1 and TNF-alpha
  3. Arthritis, Lyme Encephalopathy (memory, Sleep, speech affected), Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans (atrophy of skin)
45
Q

Lyme Disease is diagnosed by:

A

Detecting antibodies (ELISAs, Western blots)

46
Q

Treatment for Lyme Disease:

A

Penicillin not effective. Doxycycline or Amoxicillin better.

D1S U1 Microbiology (13 decks)

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