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Pharmacology 451 > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial therapy

A
  • uses selectivity to kill or control microbes
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2
Q

how does antimicrobial therapy work

A
  1. destroys bacteria wall
  2. blocks enzyme conversion for growth
  3. impair protein synthesis in bacteria causing death
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3
Q

Superinfections

A
  • taking antibiotics when you don’t need it creates superbugs
  • can lead to staph, mRNA, VRE, CAUTI
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4
Q

antimicrobial resistance

A
  • when microorganisms mutate and no longer respond to medicine
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5
Q

types of antimicrobials

A
  1. antibiotics
  2. antivirals
  3. antifungals
  4. antiparasitic
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6
Q

Types of lab testing

A
  1. gram stain: add crystal violet to look at cell wall
    - lets us know if bacteria can target cell
  2. culture of fluid
  • sensitivity of pathogen to antimicrobial
    (we want higher sensitivity: higher chance of killing off bacteria)
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7
Q

Host factors

A
  1. immune system
  2. site of infection
  3. age of pt
  4. pregnancy
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8
Q

Classification of antibiotics

A
  1. MOA
    - bacteriostatic
    - bactericidal
  2. Spectrum of action
    - broad
    - narrow
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9
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

slows down growth of bacteria

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10
Q

Bactericidal

A

kills cells

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11
Q

Broad

A

treats wide variety of infections

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12
Q

Narrow

A

treats small/specific variety of infections

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13
Q

Recognizing and analyzing cues

A
  1. sign of infection?
  2. labs or tests?
  3. cultures?
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14
Q

considerations for infections

A
  • pregnancy
  • age
  • weight
  • mental status
  • site of infection
  • allergies
  • drug interactions
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15
Q

general symptoms of infection

A
  • fever
  • chills
  • fatigue
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16
Q

localized symptoms of infection

A
  • swelling
  • pain
  • organ dysfunction
  • redness
17
Q

pt education of infection

A
  • prevent spread of infection
  • complete ALL antibiotics
  • notify if you have adverse effects
  • increase fluids
  • report fever >100.5 for 3 days
  • dont share and dont double up dose
18
Q

why do you have antibiotics around the clock

A

to keep in therapeutic range

19
Q

therapeutic drug monitoring

A

draw trough and peak levels right before next dose

20
Q

bactericidal antibiotics and classification

A
  • penicillin
  • cephalosporins
  • carbapenems
  • vancomycin
  • antibiotic w/ beta lactam ring
21
Q

vancomycin flushing syndrome

A
  • from infusing too fast
  • causes histamine release (give Benadryl)
22
Q

signs and symptoms of flushing syndrome

A
  • red swelling, facial rash
  • erythematous
  • skin discoloration
  • decrease BP
  • increase HR
  • angioedema
23
Q

bacteriostatic medications and classification

A
  • antibiotic that slows down bacteria growth
  • tetracyclines
  • macrolides
  • aminoglycosides
24
Q

tuberculosis

A

contagious infection from mycobacterium tb

25
Q

how does tuberculosis work

A
  1. invades lungs and can travel to other systems
  2. activates immune defense and isolates pathogens
  3. tubercles
    - build walls around cavities and protects them from treatment
26
Q

tuberculosis questions for pt

A
  • have you traveled out of the country?
  • have you had night sweats the past 2 nights?
  • have you been coughing up blood?
27
Q

high risk pt for TB

A
  • homeless
  • jail
  • nursing home pt
28
Q

antifungal agents

A
  • fungi
  • most infectious are from candida albicans
  • grows slowly
29
Q

antiviral agents

A
  • virus causes disease by using host enzymes and cellular structures to replicate
30
Q

treatment for viruses

A
  1. vaccines
  2. active infections w/ antivirals
  3. prophylaxis to boost immune response
31
Q

antiretrovirals

A
  1. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
    - attaches to CD4 receptors on T4 helper lymphocytes
    - virus uses reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA
32
Q

HAART

A
  1. Highly active antiretroviral therapy
    - uses 3/4 commination meds to decrease drug resistance, adverse effects and dosages
    - treatment for life
    - overall goal is to decrease plasma HIV RNA to lowest possible level
33
Q

PrEP

A
  1. preexposure prophylaxis
    - for people at high risk of HIV
    - treatment for 28 days
    • occupational exposure
    • nonoccupational exposure
34
Q

about PrEP

A
  • one time exposures carries small risk for infection
  • initiate as soon as possible after exposure (within 1-2hrs, no later than 72 hrs)
  • testing for antibodies @ 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months

Pharmacology 451 (10 decks)

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