Infant/Toddler G&D Flashcards
1
Q
Growth
A
the increase in physical size
2
Q
Development
A
sequential process by which infants and children gain various skills and functions
3
Q
What is the average weight of a newborn?
A
3.4 kg or 7.5 lbs
4
Q
What percentage of body fat will newborns lose over the first few weeks of life
A
10%
5
Q
Newborns will be back to birth weight by how old?
A
2 weeks
6
Q
When will newborns double their birthweight?
A
4 months
7
Q
When will newborns triple their birth weight?
A
1 year
8
Q
When do newborns grow the quickest?
A
the first 6 months
9
Q
By 1 year the infants length has increased by how much?
A
50%
10
Q
What is the average head circumference of a newborn?
A
35 cm or 14 inches
11
Q
When does head circumference grow rapidly?
A
first 6 months
12
Q
States of Consciousness
A
- deep sleep
- light sleep
- drowsiness
- quiet alert
- active alert
- crying
13
Q
Deep Sleep
A
eyes closed, no movement
14
Q
Light sleep
A
eyes closed, REM
15
Q
Drowsiness
A
eyes half closed, dozing
16
Q
Quiet alert
A
wide awake and calm
17
Q
Active alert
A
wide awake and moving
18
Q
Crying
A
crying/screaming and difficult to get attention
19
Q
What can confirm brain growth?
A
increased head circumference
20
Q
Anterior Fontanel
A
closes by 12-18 months
21
Q
When will the root reflex disappear?
A
3 months
22
Q
Root reflex
A
stroke the cheek, infant turns to the side
23
Q
When will sucking disappear?
A
2-5 months
24
Q
Suck
A
sucking is automatic when you place a nipple or finger in infants mouth
25
Moro
sudden extension of arms above head and hands forma a "C"
26
When will Moro disappear?
4 months
27
Asymmetric Tonic Neck
fencing/extremities extended on one side and flex opposite side; head turns away from flexed side
28
When will Asymmetric Tonic Neck disappear?
4 months
29
Palmar Grasp
holds your finger
30
When will palmer grasp disappear?
6 months
31
Babinski
stroke lateral aspect of foot and across plantar surface will cause fanning of toes
32
When will Babinski disappear?
12 months
33
Step
infant places one foot at a time on a surface as if stepping
34
When will step disappear?
4-8 weeks
35
Respiratory rate for infant
30-60
36
What should their respiratory rate be by 1 year?
20-30
37
How do newborns breathe?
irregular w/ periodic pauses
38
Nasal passages are?
narrow
39
Trachea and chest wall are?
more compliant
40
Bronchi and bronchioles are?
shorter and narrower
41
Larynx
funnel shaped
42
Neck Righting
neck keeps head in upright position when body is tilted
43
When does neck righting appear?
4-6 months
44
Parachute (sideways)
arms extended when tilted to side from a sitting position?
45
When will parachuting sideways appear?
6 months
46
When will parachuting forward appear?
6-7 months
47
When will parachuting backwards appear?
9-10 months
48
In the first year the heart will?
double in size
49
Protective Reflexes
- neck righting
- parachute sideways
- parachute forwards
- parachute backwards
50
Primitive Reflexes
```
root
suck
moro
asymmetric tonic neck
palmar grasp
plantar grasp
Babinski
step
```
51
Average BP of newborn?
60/40
52
BP will increase to an average of what by 12 months?
100/50
53
Why are newborns more susceptible to heat loss?
peripheral capillaries are closer to the surface of skin
54
Natal teeth
- present at birth
| - may indicate anomalies
55
What is the average age for the first tooth?
6-8 months
56
What is the stomach capacity of a newborn?
1/2-1 ounce
57
At what age can infants stomach accommodate three full meals and snacks?
1 year
58
What is the first stool?
meconium
59
Bottle fed stool
yellowish/tan like peanut butter
60
Breast fed stool
yellow/loose seedy
61
Infrequent stools are normal if?
stools are soft
62
Stools to worry about are?
red, white, black, mucous like, frequent, frothy, watery, foul smelling, hard pellets, or if baby is vomiting
63
Vernix
baby cheese; protects skin at birth
64
When is maternal iron transferred to baby?
the last trimester
65
When does object permanence begin?
4-7 months
66
When is object permanence solidified?
8 months
67
1 months Cephalocaudal/Gross motor skill
lift head and turn to side when prone
68
2 months Ceph/Gross motor skill
raises head and chest
69
3 months Ceph/Gross motor skill
raises head 45 degrees
70
4 months Ceph/Gross motor skill
lifts head and looks around/rolls from tummy to back/no head lag
71
5 months Ceph/Gross motor skill
rolls from back to tummy/sits upright when supported
72
What can you do to test if their is blood in an infants stool?
hemoculture-if turns blue then there is blood
73
6 months Ceph/Gross motor skill
tripod
74
7 months Ceph/Gross motor skill
sits alone w/ some use of hands
75
8 months Ceph/Gross motor skill
sits unsupported
76
9 months Ceph/Gross motor skill
crawls
77
10 months Ceph/Gross motor skill
pulls to stand, cruises
78
12 months Ceph/Gross motor skill
sits from standing/walks independently
79
Cephalocaudal
head to toe
80
1 month Fine motor skill
fists clench
81
3 mo Fine Motor Skill
hand in front of face/hands open
82
4 mo Fine Motor Skill
bats at object
83
5 mo Fine Motor Skill
holds a rattle
84
6 mo Fine Motor Skill
lets go of object to grab something else
85
7 mo Fine Motor Skill
transfers object from hand to hand
86
8 mo Fine Motor Skill
rakes in object
87
9 mo Fine Motor Skill
bangs object together
88
10 mo Fine Motor skill
Fine pincer grasp
89
11 mo Fine motor skill
offers objects to others
90
12 mo Fine Motor Skill
feeds self w/ cup and spoon; pokes w/ index finger
91
When do you know there is a sensory development problem?
- does not respond to loud noises
- does not focus on near object
- does not make sounds by 4 mo
- does not turn to sound by 4 mo
- crosses eyes most of time by 6 mo
92
When do I know there is a language development problem?
- does not make sounds by 4 mo
- does not laugh or squeal by 6 mo
- does not babble by 8 mo
- does not use single words w/ meaning by 12 mo
93
What does stranger anxiety indicate?
Infant recognizes self as separate from others
94
When does separation/stranger anxiety begin?
8 months
95
Separation anxiety
infant becomes distressed when parent leaves
96
Worry Signs for Social/Emotional Development
- not smiling at 3 mo
- child refuses to cuddle
- child does not enjoy people
- no interest in peek-a-boo at 8 mo
97
How long should a child be in a rear facing car seat?
until 12 months and 20 lbs
98
When is breastfeeding NOT recommended?
- infants w/ galactosemia
- maternal use of illicit drugs and a few prescription medications
- maternal untreated active tuberculosis
- maternal HIV infection in developed countries
99
How long can ready-to-feed formula can be kept in the refrigerator?
48 hours
100
Bottle Feeding
- wash nipples/bottles in hot soapy water/dishwasher
- do NOT reheat formula
- no cereal in bottle
- no honey
- do NOT microwave
- heat by placing in container of hot water
101
You should introduce new food how often to check for allergies?
once every 3-5 days
102
Why are fruit juices not recommended?
b/c it is missing the protein and dat in breastmilk and formula
103
When should a cup be introduced?
6-8 months
104
Common developmental concerns in infancy
- colic
- spitting
- thumb sucking, pacifiers, security items
- teething
105
What can honey put the infant at risk for?
Botulism
106
When can you begin introducing solid foods?
4-6 months; w/ extrusion of tongue
107
When should babies be eating smashed foods?
by 8 months
