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Motor Development > Infant Conditions > Flashcards

Infant Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Malformation occurs in ____ tissue.

Deformation occurs in ____ tissue.

A 
Malformation = embryologic.
Deformation = normal.
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2
Q

Malformation occurs during ____ (time period).

Deformation occurs during _____.

A 
Mal = first 8 wks of gestation
De = after 8 wks of gestation
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3
Q

Cause of malformation

A

teratologic or genetic

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4
Q

Cause of deformation

A

mechanical

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5
Q

Anencephaly

A

lack of brain formation

failure of anterior neural tube closure

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6
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

failure of posterior neural tube closure

AKA spina bifida

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7
Q

causes of myelomeningocele

A

low folic acid in pregnancy

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8
Q

myelomeningocele clinical implications

A

motor/sensory loss (varies depending on degree of severity & level of spinal cord affected).
Positioning, medical equipment & orthotic management, gait or w/c mobility

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9
Q

hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)

A

lack of oxygen at birth

can affect any part of brain

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10
Q

HIE clinical implications & PT Tx

A

cooling protocol
can lead to CP
varies depending on what part of brain affected.
PT: quality of movement, vary movements with developmental positions, parent education.

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11
Q

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

A

abnormal growth/development of hip joint

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12
Q

causes of DDH

A

mechanical factors in utero
hormone-induced lig laxity
genetics
cultural/environmental factors

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13
Q

risk factors for DDH

A

breech
small intrauterine space
first born girl

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14
Q

DDH PT Tx

A

0-9mo: Pavlik harness (worn 24/7).
>9mo: traction & Pavlik harness (if ambulatory, may use ABD orthosis instead of Pavlik)
Surgical tx may be necessary > 9mo.

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15
Q

Pavlik harness maintains what joint positions?

A

90-100deg flex, ABD, ER

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16
Q

Metatarsus Adductus

A

Forefoot bent inward (ADD)

Hindfoot & ankle normal (neutral)

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17
Q

Metatarsus Adductus risk factors

A

breech
DDH
in-toe walking

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18
Q

Metatarsus Adductus PT Tx

A 
Tx depends on rigidity vs. flexibility.
Can resolve spontaneously.
Improves w stretching.
Reverse-Last shoes, cast.
Surgery if persists thru 4-6yo
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19
Q

Talipes Calcaneovalgus

A

Excess Dflex & eversion
Dorsum of foot in contact w/ Tib Ant
Resistance into Pflex & inversion

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20
Q

Talipes Calcaneovalgus risk factors

A

breech
DDH
Tibial ER

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21
Q

Talipes Calcaneovalgus PT Tx

A 
Tx depends on rigidity vs. flexibility.
Can resolve spontaneously.
Improves w stretching.
Splinting
Firm, high-top shoes.
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22
Q

Torticollis

A

Unilateral shortening of SCM.
Ipsilateral lat flex.
Contralateral rotation.

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23
Q

Infants w/ torticollis are at a higher risk for

A

facial asymm
plagiocephaly
developmental delay
vision problems

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24
Q

Torticollis PT Tx

A 
Prolonged passive stretch of SCM.
Positioning to promote symm.
Cervical strengthening & AROM.
Symm developmental activities to correct head position.
Environmental adaptations.
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25
Q

Cranial molding deformities: Plagiocephaly

A

asymm flattening

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26
Q

Cranial molding deformities: Plagiocephaly is associated with

A 
Back to Sleep campaign
In-utero position
Torticollis
Prolonged hospitalization
Asymm facial features
27
Q

Cranial molding deformities: Brachycephaly

A

symm flattening

28
Q

Cranial molding deformities: Brachycephaly is associated with

A

Back to Sleep campaign
Hypotonia
Prolonged hospittalization

29
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

disorder of connective tissue
severity varies person to person
lax joints, weak muscles, diffuse osteoporosis

30
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta PT Tx

A 
Pt education
Environmental adaptation
Developmental
Post-trauma recovery
DME
31
Q

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita

A

nonprogressive neuromuscular syndrome

2+ joint contractures at birth

32
Q

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita clinical considerations

A

severe jt contractures
muscle weakness & fibrosis
inhibited movement in utero

33
Q

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita PT Tx

A

improve alignment (DME or splint)
Strengtthen & stretch
Compensatory strategies

34
Q

Congenital Limb Deficiencies: Longitudinal Limb Deficiency

A

reduction or absence of 1 or more elements w/in the long axis of limb.
malformation.
may have typical distal skeletal elements.

35
Q

Congenital Limb Deficiencies: Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency

A

absense or hypoplasia of prox femur.

Varies in degree of involvement of other structures (acetabulum, femoral head, patella, tib, fib, cruciate ligs, foot).

36
Q

Club Foot (AKA Talipes Equinovarus)

A

Forefoot ADD
Calcaneal Varus
Supination

37
Q

Club Foot (AKA Talipes Equinovarus) PT Tx

A 
Taping
Casting
Stretching
Reverse-Last shoes
Dennis-Brown bar
Surgery
38
Q

Teratogens

A

environmental agents causing harm to embryo/fetus

39
Q

Critical Periods: CNS

A

throughout embryonic & fetal periods

MOST critical time = 2-8wks

40
Q

Critical Periods: Heart Defects

A

3-7wks

41
Q

Critical Periods: Skeletal System

A

4-6wks

42
Q

Teratogens: severity of symptoms depends on…

A

amount of exposure
timing of exposure
genetic makeup of indiividual

43
Q

Maternal exposures influencing development: Maternal diseases/conditions

A

infections
diabetes
malnutrition

44
Q

Maternal exposures influencing development: Environmental factors

A

radiation
pesticides
herbicides

45
Q

Maternal exposures influencing development: Prescription Drugs

A 
opioids
narcotics
seizure meds
psych disorder meds
blood thinners
antibiotics
thyroid meds
46
Q

Maternal exposures influencing development: Non-Prescription Drugs

A

pain killers

cold meds

47
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome characteristics

A

growth deficiency
CNS dysfunctiion
craniofacial anomalies

48
Q

Effects of cocaine/tobacco exposure

A 
vasoconstriction
BP fluctuations
O2 deprivation
CNS damage
increased risk of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
increased risk of mortality
49
Q

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is caused by

A

maternal substance abuse

50
Q

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) presentation

A

may appear immediately or days after birth
excessive crying, diarrhea, sucking, sweating.
increased muscle tone

51
Q

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) PT considerations

A

hypERtonica
tremor
severe state regulatiion issues

52
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (genetic malformation)

A

impaired CaCl channel & thicker secretions (“salty kiss”)

affects pulmonary, digestive, & reproductive

53
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (genetic malformation) PT Tx

A 
airway clearance techniques
posture - esp chin/shoulder retraction
mobility, stretching, strengthening.
aerobic training, energy conservation.
effecient breathing training
54
Q

Sickle-Cell Disease PT Tx & considerations

A

pain management
avoid exercise in extreme hot or cold
Sickle Cell Crisis: “painful event”

55
Q

Down Syndrome

A

duplication of chromosome 21

56
Q

Down Syndrome PT considerations

A

delayed gross, fine, speech
hypotonia
joint laxity
atlantoaxial instability

57
Q

Prader-Willi Syndrome (genetic malformation) - what is it & clinical presentation

A 
chromosome microdeletion
severe hypOtonia
severe feeding problems in infancy
excessive eating & obesity in childhood
poor fine/gross motor coordination
58
Q

Prader-Willi Syndrome: average age of sitting

A

12mo

59
Q

Prader-Willi Syndrome: average age of walking

A

24mo

60
Q

Angelman Syndrome (genetic malformation) - what is it & clinical presentation

A 
deletion of chromosome 25
hypotonia
feeding problems
developmental delays
tremulous movements, hand flapping.
distinctive gait pattern.
ataxia
61
Q

Abdominal anomoly: Omphalocele

A

intestine & other ab organs herniate thru opening WITHIN the sac

62
Q

Abdominal anomoly: Gastroschisis

A

intestine & other ab organs herniate thru opening OUTSIDE the sac

63
Q

Abdominal anomolies: PT considerations

A

poor ab strength
prolonged supine position
decreased head ctrl due to limited play in prone/sitting

Motor Development (16 decks)

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