Gross Motor 1yr+ Flashcards
Gait cycle characteristics (walking)
50% phasing btwn legs - each leg spends equal time in swing/stance.
DL support & SL support.
Consistent across lifespan.
Independent walking/standing is achieved by…
9-18mo
Mature walking pattern is achieved by…
3.5 to 4 yrs
Characteristics of early walking
Short steps - very little leg/hip ext. Flat feet, toes out. Wide BOS. No trunk rotation. Arms in high guard (eventually progresses to mid guard, then low guard).
Rate controllers in early walking (what prerequisites are required for walking)
Adequate motor control & system maturation. Adequate ROM. Adequate strength. Appropriate bone structure & body comp. Intact sensory systems.
Walking: pelvic rotation
13mo
Walking: narrower BOS
17mo
Walking: synchronous arm swing
18mo
Walking: heel to forefoot strike
18mo
Walking: backward walking
18mo
Walking: SL support time increases
1 to 2.5yr
Walking: velocity increases
1 to 3.5 yr
Walking: advanced walking achieved
3-4yr
Walking: rhythm & coordination improve until
5yr
Characteristics of proficient walking
Increased stride length. Heel to forefoot. Narrower BOS, less toe-out. Pelvic rotation. Improved balance, less fwd trunk lean. Oppositional arm swing w/ leg movements.
Gait cycle characteristics (running)
Still 50% phasing btwn legs.
Flight period where both feet off the ground.
Characteristics of early running
Starts 6-7mo after child begins to walk.
May involve characteristics of early walking.
Limited leg ROM during flight phase = short strides.
Arm swing to accompany trunk rotation.
Rate controllers in early running
Task constraint - do they need to have the change in speed btwn walking & running?
Individual constraint - strength, balance.
Development of running
Improved coordination & strength.
Growth.
Changes continue thru childhood & adolescence.
Many adults exhibit inefficient running patterns.
Running: speed increases
29-30mo
and
37-38mo
Running: balance/coordination improve
45-46mo
Characteristics of proficient running
Stride length increases as greater force is used. Elimination of lateral leg motion. Heel strike or flat foot strike during extended running. Narrower BOS, no toe-out. Knee flex on supporting leg. Trunk rotation increases. Slight fwd trunk lean. Oppositional arm swing.
Stairs: walking up with support from railing
15-16mo
Stairs: walking down with support from railing
17-18mo
Stairs: walking up with no support
23-24mo
Stairs: walking down with no support
25-26mo
Stairs: walking up with one foot on each step, using railing for support
27-28mo
Stairs: walking up with one foot on each step, no support
35-36mo
Stairs: walking down with one foot on each step, no support
43-44mo
Which develops first: up stairs or down stairs?
Up
Which develops first: step-to pattern or reciprocal steps (on stairs)
step-to
Jumping
off the ground with 1 or 2 feet
land on both feet
Hopping
off the ground with 1 foot
land on same foot
Leaping
off the ground with 1 foot
land on opposite foot
Jumping forward 24 inches achieved by
31-32mo
Jumping over 2in object achieved by
33-34mo
Hopping & turning jumps achieved by
53-54mo
Basic jumping achieved by
before 2yr
Initial jumps are ____
vertical
Jumping characteristics
Slight crouch
Legs not fully extended at lift off
Beginning jumpers do NOT use ____
2 footed takeoff/landing
By school age, most forms of jumps can be performed. What are they?
Jumping forward Jumping up/down Jumping over hurdles Turning jumps Sideways jumps
Hopping under age 3
Most cannot hop repeatedly
Proficient hopping emerges when?
Preschool
Gallop
moving forward with a step while leading with the same leg
Skip
moving forward with a step and a hop on the same foot, alternating feet
Early gallop/skip
Arrhythmic Stiff Short strides Little trunk rotation Flat foot landing
Proficient gallop/skip
Rhythmic Opposition of arms & legs Heel to forefoot landing Knee give Trunk rotation
Galloping develops AFTER _____ and BEFORE ____
After running (2yr) Before hopping (3-4yr)
Skipping develops at what age
4-7yr
First asymmetrical locomotor pattern
Gallop
Last locomotor pattern
Skip
Gallop: ____ is mastered first
dominant leg
Skipping may be ____ at first
asymmetrical (due to leg dominance)
Rate controllers for galloping
Requires variance from 50% phasing
Requires LE to do different tasks w/ different forces
Rate controllers for skipping
Most complex fundamental locomotor pattern
Neuromuscular system has to coordinate 2 legs as they alternately perform asymmetrical tasks
Early ball throwing
Limited to arm action alone (elbow ext).
No step into throw.
Limited trunk rotation.
Excess trunk flexion.
Progression of throwing skills
Fling (13mo)
Overhand (19-20mo)
Underhand (23-24mo)
Hitting a target (43-44mo)
Early ball kicking
Perception & eye-foot coordination to make contact with ball.
Completed in a single action.
No step forward with non-kicking leg. Arms stationary. No trunk rotation.
Kicking leg pushes forward at ball (may be bent at contact & immediately retract).
Progression of kicking
Contact w/ stationary ball (15-16mo)
Kicking stationary ball forward (29-30mo)
Kicking stationary ball in air (68-72mo)
CDC recommends that _____ should be the majority of a child’s ____ minutes of physical activity per day
Aerobic
60min
CDC recs that muscle strengthening activities should be completed _____ per week
3 days
CDC recs that bone strengthening activities should be completed _____ per week
3 days
Examples of muscle strengthening activities
gymnastics
push ups
Examples of bone strengthening activities
Jump rope
running
