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US History > **Industrialization** > Flashcards

**Industrialization** Flashcards

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1
Q

Bessemer Process (benefits)

A
  • Allowed factories to make steel cheaper than ever (steel is lighter and stronger than iron)
  • Building built much higher – skyscrapers
  • Led to inventions such as elevator – new jobs
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2
Q

Transcontinental RR

A

-Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

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3
Q

Promontory Point Utah (x)

A

-Place where the Transcontinental railroad met -One started in San Fransisco, one started in St. Louis

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4
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

-Invented the first telephone

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5
Q

Thomas Edison

A

-Improved on older designs and creates the first practical light bulb.

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6
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A
  • Bessemer process — allowed him to make steel more cheaply and efficiently
  • Kept costs low, sell product at low price
  • Competitors can’t make enough money to make their company work
  • Abused his workers
  • Philanthropist — someone who donates money to help some cause
  • Believed rich people should share their wealth
  • Vertical integration – controlled materials, production, and distribution of steel (mines, factories, train system)
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7
Q

John D. Rockefeller

A
  • Sold oil so cheap he wasn’t making money
  • Controlled 90% of oil industry
  • More variety = cost more money, get less per toy but sell so many more
  • Bought out competitors
  • Philanthropist for education and medicine
  • Horizontal integration - controlled manufacturing
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8
Q

Vertical Integration

A
  • Control all 3 industries
  • Raw materials, transportation, manufacturing
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9
Q

Horizontal Integration

A

-Control one entire industry

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10
Q

Laissez-Faire

A
  • Business owners make all decisions independently of the gov, gov. can’t interfere with economy
  • Invisible hand = market
  • Don’t trust government - doesn’t work for business
  • (+) Benefits consumer - competition, low price, high quality
  • (+) Happy employees / customer
  • Government can help those left out in free market
  • (-) Monopolies of industry - companies have too much power
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11
Q

Social Darwinism

A
  • Unscientific, unproven
  • The idea that those who “have” must work harder, be smarter, and thus are inherently better and will/should be the most successful
  • (+) Work hard = be rewarded
  • (-) People can get things that they don’t really work hard to earn
  • (-) Who decided who gets to decide which genes are good?
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12
Q

What event helped to start the Industrial Revolution in the U.S.? Why did it help start the revolution?

A
  • The Civil War created a need to clothe, arm, and supply soldiers during war — helped create faster + more efficient ways to make things and grow more crops
  • Needed a railroad system
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13
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution affect farming in the US?

A
  • Farming made much more efficient (61 hours before CW → 3 hours after CW)
  • Manufacturing of ice enabled people to transport food over long distances
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14
Q

In what ways was the Bessemer Process so important to industrial growth?

A
  • The Bessemer Process allowed factories to make steel cheaper than ever (steel is lighter and stronger than iron) - Invention of I beams —> big buildings —> invention of elevators
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15
Q

What new inventions, and invented by who, helped to bring about a change in how people lived? (How did the Industrial Age change life for women?)

A
  • Steel (Henry Bessemer)
  • The telegraph (Samuel Morse)
    • Allowed for communication between regions
    • Led to first phone (Alexander Graham Bell)
  • The sewing machine (Elias Howe and Isaac Singer)
    • Created a new industry for women
  • Textile mill (Samuel Slater)
    • Women got jobs (textile mill, phone industry, sewing machine)
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16
Q

How was the construction of the Transcontinental RR possible because of the Industrial Revolution?

A

-More need for industry to spread

17
Q

How did the government help to encourage railroad construction? (and process)

A
  • Starting in 1992 — local + state governments promoted RR construction with land grants, tax breaks, and money
  • Gave railroad companies land surrounding the railroad path at little or no cost
18
Q

Socialism

A
  • Economic system where there is private business/industry but the government plays a major role in or controls big industry
    • Ex: energy, transportation, education, and health
  • Government control by high taxes (50%-70%) — like car insurance, people rarely need to use it, so the government makes a lot of money
  • Their main goal is to narrow, not totally eliminate, the gap between the rich and the poor
19
Q

Communism

A
  • Created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
  • A utopian view of society
  • Pure version — no government, no army, everyone has a job, no need for money, no religion
  • Don’t need money — everyone repays each other to help themselves and others, everything is interconnected, people do not ask for more than what is needed
  • Religion becomes the form of governmental control
  • Reality — almost total gov. control of economy, politics, and social norms
20
Q

Monopoly

A

When only one company controls an entire industry

21
Q

Capitalism

A
  • An economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
  • Types:
    • Laissez-Faire
    • Social Darwinism
    • Gospel of Wealth
22
Q

What made America such a great place, geographically speaking, for an industrial revolution?

A
  • Wealth of natural resources
  • Government support for business
  • Growing urban population that provided both cheap labor and markets for new products
23
Q

What new inventions helped to bring about a change in how people lived?

A
  • Lightbulb – factories could be ope 24 hours – longer hours for workers
24
Q

How did the Industrial Age change life for women?

A
  • New inventions like the phone and sewing machine opened up new industries
  • Allowed women to work outside of home for a real wage
25
Q

Importance of T-C Railroad

A
  • It linked economies of the East and West
  • It helped to spur other industries like mining and agriculture
  • It helped to build and sustain cities in regions that normally couldn’t due to lack of materials
26
Q

Describe the different ways that big business owners “abused” their workers. How did the workers fight back and how does that tactic work?

A

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27
Q

Why are monopolies illegal?

A

Too much power

28
Q

Generally speaking does it seem as though the U.S. Government protected the rights of the workers or the rights of the business owners? What makes you think this?

A

-

29
Q

What are the basic differences between Capitalism, Socialism and Communism? Which one(s) is our country suspicious of or frightened by? Why is that?

A

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US History (12 decks)

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