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ToxFall17 COPY for AeJ > Industrial Toxins > Flashcards

Industrial Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

Which is more lethal - sweet crude oil or sour crude oil?

A

Sweet crude oil (gasoline - low temperature distillates) - 48ml/kg = minimal lethal dose based on death caused by aspiration pneumonia over a week

Sour crude oil (lubricating oil - high temperature distillates) - 74 ml/kg = minimal lethal dose based on death caused by aspiration pneumonia over a week

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2
Q

Refined petroleum products can be classified by their carbons; what are the different categories?

A
  1. aliphatic hydrocarbons: Short chain aliphatics (less than 5 carbons) = methan, ethane, propane
    * long chain aliphatics (5 or more carbons) = gasoline, kerosene, mineral oil etc
  2. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (dry cleaning and degreasing solutions)
  3. Aromatic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (paints, glues, resins)
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3
Q

What is the MOA of industrial petroleum?

A

Highly irritating to the skin and mm
Many petroleum products contain toxic materials
Some oils may contain chlorinated napthalenes - can chronically cause hyperkeratosis

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4
Q

T/F: Short chain aliphatics have a high toxicity and are very volatile

A

FALSE

short chain = low toxicity and very volatile

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5
Q

T/F: Long chain aliphatics cause aspiration pneumonia

A

TRUE

gasoline, kerosene, petroleum distillates

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6
Q

T/F: Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon toxicity will affect CNS

A

TRUE

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7
Q

What petroleum products can cause bone marrow suppression?

A

Aromatic hydrocarbons at 60 ppm in air following chronic exposure

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8
Q

What species are the most susceptible to crude petroleum substances?

A

Cattle

but other animals can be affected - dogs, cats, horses

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9
Q

Small animals are most frequently poisoned with what kind of petroleum products?

A

Refined petroleum products

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10
Q

What is the most common exposure terrestrial, aquatic wildlife, and birds have to petroleum products?

A

Oil spills

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11
Q

What is the relationship between the boiling points of petroleum and their toxicity?

A

Low BP = more volatility = more toxic because there is more absorption - especially through inhalation

High BP = low volatility - compounds such as asphalt, mineral oil, or waxes - generally less toxic bc of poor absorption

**low BP = low viscosity = low surface tension - generally have more pneumotoxic effects

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12
Q

What petroleum products tend to have more pneumotoxic effects?

A

Ones with low boiling points - they will impair respiration

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13
Q

What is the relationship between absorption of petroleum products and their molecular weight?

A

Lower molecular weight = more absorption

*readily absorbed from the GI mucosa, through skin, and inhalation

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14
Q

T/F: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are less readily absorbed than aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

FALSE

reverse

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15
Q

The main pathology seen with petroleum poisoning is…?

A

aspiration pneumonia or chemical pneumonitis

then secondary bacterial infection

death due to hypoxia

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16
Q

what are the main effects of petroleum in the GIT?

A

Direct irritation of the GI mucosa will cause vomiting, colic, and dhr

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17
Q

What systemic effects can be seen due to petroleum poisoning?

A

Main systemic toxic effect is CNS depression

liver and kidney damage

bone marrow suppression

cardiac arrhythmias and arrest

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18
Q

through what process(s) in the liver are aliphatic and PAH metabolized?

A

oxidation and hydroxylation

19
Q

How are PAH excreted in urine, bile, and or feces?

A

as conjugates with glucuronic or sulfuric acids or glycine in urine or bile

20
Q

Volatile aliphatic hydrocarbons are partly metabolized and excreted through the _____

A

LUNGS

21
Q

What do petroleum products do to cells of the lungs?

A

Direct contact causes rapid dissolution of the lipid part of the cell
membranes resulting in swelling, inflammation, pulmonary edema,
bronchoconstriction and necrosis

22
Q

T/F: Oily substances aspirated into the lungs can be removed via coughing

A

FALSE

23
Q

signs of petroleum poisoning include…?

A

Signs of aspiration pneumonia
Smell or oil or kerosene etc
oil in the feces

24
Q

What diagnostic test may help dx petroleum toxicity?

A

Radiography will show typical signs of aspiration pneumonia within hours of ingestion

25
Q

What treatment can be done for petroleum ingestion?

A

activated charcoal or mineral oil
decontamination of exterior
supportive care

26
Q

T/F: Emetics, gastric lavage, and glucocorticoids are beneficial to patients that have been exposed to petroleum products

A

FALSE

these are all contraindicated

27
Q

What is the prognosis of petroleum poisoning?

A

Depends on the severity

Prognosis is guarded to poor in severe cases due to persistence of oil in the lungs

28
Q

What is the MOA of non industrial fluoride?

A

Fluoride binds to tooth enamel by replacing the hydroxyl molecule and makes the tooth more resistant to acid attack from plaque bacteria and sugars

29
Q

T/F: Non industrial fluorides are very toxic to pets

A

false

although this is sometimes debated

30
Q

What are the industrial fluoride products animals may be exposed to?

A 
Sodium fluoride (highly toxic)
Sodium fluorosilicate (highly toxic)
Sodium fluoroaluminate (Cryolite)
Hydrofluoric acid
31
Q

Forages and pastures can be contaminated from industry or aiborne contamination of which industrial fluoride?

A

Cryolite aka sodium fluoroaluminate

used as a pesticide

32
Q

T/F: Fluoride is a normal constituent of forages

A

TRUE

grazing plants grown in fluoride rich soil

Hebaceous parts of plants accumulate large amounts

33
Q

What mineral does fluoride have a strong affinity for?

A

Calcium

34
Q

Is acute or chronic fluoride toxicosis more common?

A

Chronic

especially seen in cattle

35
Q

T/F: Soluble sodium fluoride is more toxic than calcium fluoride

A

TRUE

36
Q

What age animals are more sensitive to fluoride toxicity? Why?

A

Young animals since they have developing bones and teeth

37
Q

Soluble flourides are readily absorbed from the _________ and distributed throughout the body

A

intestinal tract

38
Q

Where is fluoride stored in the body?

A

In the bones and teeth

Normal level in cattle bone is 1000-1500 ppm

Tissue level will be elevated about 2-3x in toxicosis

39
Q

What is the mode of excretion of fluoride?

A

urine

40
Q

What is the MOA of acute fluoride toxicosis?

A

(this is less common) there is a caustic effect on the GI mucosa- which will enhance absorption

*hypocalcemia, Inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes and cellular respiration –> HYPOXIA

41
Q

what is the MOA of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

Alteration and delaying mineralization of teeth and production of abnormal bone

causing intermittent lameness, bony protrusions (exostoses), osteoporosis, loss of dentine, patchy brown color to teeth, amorexia, emaciation, rough haircoat, reduced milk production and reproduction

42
Q

What levels of fluoride in the bone will be significant? What other levels will confirm recent fluoride exposure?

A

greater than 1500 ppm in the bone

levels in the urine - 15-20 ppm

43
Q

How can you treat fluoride toxicosis?

A

Best thing to do is balance the diet with increased intake of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D

ToxFall17 COPY for AeJ (38 decks)

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