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ToxFall17 COPY for AeJ > Copper > Flashcards

Copper Flashcards

1
Q

What animals are most susceptible to copper toxicosis?

A

Sheep

can be acute or chronic

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2
Q

What animals are resistant to copper toxicosis?

A

Poultry and swine

*fertilizer from these animals could potentially have a high level of copper

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3
Q

T/F: Acute copper toxicosis is more common than the chronic dz

A

FALSE

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4
Q

What clinical signs are seen in sheep with acute copper toxicosis?

A

rapid onset of severe GI signs: vomiting, colic, hemorrhagic dhr, dehydration and shock (due to indirect corrosive action of copper)

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5
Q

What is the treatment for acute copper toxicosis?

A

Supportive and symptomatic therapy

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6
Q

T/F: There are no GI signs association with chronic copper toxicosis in sheep

A

TRUE

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7
Q

How are sheep chronically exposed to copper?

A

Copper accumulation over time from: feed additives, natural copper in soil/plants, soils contaminated by mining, soils fertilized with swine/poultry manure

  • molybdenum deficiency: ratio of copper: molybdenum = 6:1
  • unavailability of sulfate
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8
Q

Ruminants have a specific metabolic relationship between which three substances? (copper being one of them)
Why is it important?

A

Copper
molybdenum
inorganic sulfate

*molybdeum and sulfate will bind to copper and then be excreted from the body - when this ratio is out of balance copper will accumulate in the liver

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9
Q

In what species do you usually see high molybdenum?

A

Cattle

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10
Q

If there is high levels of copper in the liver PM - what was the cause of copper accumulation?

A

due to imbalances of molybdenum and sulfate/sulfides

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11
Q

Normal levels of copper in feed (10-20ppm) can cause accumulation when molybdenum is less than ___ ppm, or sulfate is unavailable

A

1-2ppm

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12
Q

How long does copper accumulation take?

A

2-10 weeks of exposure

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13
Q

What causes a secondary copper toxicosis?

A

Previous liver damage can cause the hepatocytes to accumulate copper

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14
Q

What will cause a sudden release of copper from the liver into the bloodstream?

A

STRESS

this causes an acute crisis from a chronic toxicity

hemolytic/hemorrhagic crisis: weakness, anoreaxia, pale mm, icterus, hemoglobinuria, shock, fever, dyspnea

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15
Q

What hepatocellular components does copper bind to?

A

Lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus

accumulation causes degeneration and necrosis

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16
Q

What does the release of excess copper into the blood cause?

A

Oxidation of RBC membranes increasing their fragility resulting in a hemolytic crisis

copper also oxidized hemoglobin to methemoglobin which can not carry oxygen

17
Q

What lesions can be noted due to chronic copper toxicosis?

A

Lesions will be related to the acute crisis - hemolytic shock

icterus, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia (brown blood and “port wine urine)

the liver will be enlarged, yellow, and friable

Kidneys - enlarged, hemorrhagic, blueish-dark, friable

Blackberry jam spleen

18
Q

What values will be elevated in the blood work of a sheep with copper toxicosis?

A

Elevated serum or whole blood Cu (> 1.5ppm)
Elevated liver and kidney Cu (> 150ppm and 15 ppm)

Elevated liver enzymes (AST, LHD) - can be noted up to 3-6 weeks before an acute crisis

19
Q

What are some DDX for copper toxicosis?

A

Hemolytic agents:
sinz, napthalene, DMSO, guaifenesin

Poisonous plants: Onion, gossypol, red maple

snake venoms

infectious dz: lepto, babesiosis, anaplasma, bacillary hemoglobinuria

20
Q

What is the treatment for copper toxicosis?

A

Treatment typically is not practical for sheep (cost vs value)

blood transfusion, IVF, Ammonium tetrathiomolybate, D-penicillamine

21
Q

What are preventative measures that can be taken for copper toxicosis?

A

Molybdenized copper phosphate sprayed on pastures (4ounces/acre)
Sheep rations should include Cu/Mo at 6:1 ratio
addition of molybdate to sheep rations at 2-4 ppm

supplemental zinc (250ppm) reduces hepatic copper accumulation

22
Q

What is the prognosis of copper toxicosis in sheep?

A

Prognosis is poor

prevention should be the primary focus

23
Q

What is the difference in clinical signs associated with copper accumulation in the liver of dogs when compared to sheep?

A

Don’t really get the hemorrhagic crisis - dogs will have more clinical signs of hepatitis

24
Q

What breeds of dogs are more prone to chronic copper toxicosis?

A

Bedlington terriers (autosomal recessive disorder)

Westies, Skye terriers, doberman

ToxFall17 COPY for AeJ (38 decks)

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