Individualistic theories Flashcards
Who conducted the Operant learning theory?
B F skinner
Define positive reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement is when an action is taken out and is rewaeded as a result.
Define negative reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement is the process of doing something to take away a negative outcome.
If the action results in an undesireable outcome, what is likely to happen?
It will unlikely be repeated.
Define behaviourism.
Behaviourism refers to reinforcement and punishment influencing an individuals behaviour
Jeffery’s differential reinforcement theory.
Criminal behaviour is learnt through reinforcement and punishments. If a criminal behaviour has a desireable outcome in comparison to an outcome which contains a punishment, it is more likely to be reinforcement.
The deisreable outcome could contain finacial gains and emotional gains,
Who conducted the Social Learning Theory?
Bandura.
Outline the Social learning theory.
-Conducted experiment=The models took out aggressive behaviour.
-To find out if the 4-5 years old would imitate the behaviour shown.
Social Learning Theory
1) What was group 1 shown?
2)What were the results of group 1?
1)Group 1 was shown the model being aggressive towards the Bobo doll.
2)Group 1 was more likely to imitate the aggressive behaviour.
Social learning theory.
1)What was group 2 shown?
2)What were the results of group 2?
1)The group 2 were shown the aggressive behaviour being punished.
2)The group 2 were least likely to imitate the behaviour.
Social Learning Theory
1)What was gorup 3 shown?
2)What were the results of group 3?
1)The group 3 was the control group. The model recieved neither rewards or punishments.
2)Group 3 are least likely to imitate behaviour than group 1 but more than group 2.
Who conducted the theory of personality?
Hans Eysenck
Outline Eysenck’s personality theory.
Our personality is made up of two dimensions.
Eysenck’s perosnality theory.
What wa the two dimensions?
Extraversion versus introversion
Neuroticism versus Emotional stability
E vs I
What is E, and what is I?
Extroversion and Introversion.
Name 4 extraversion traits.
1) Optimistic
2)Short-tempered
3)Impulsive
4)Sociable
Name 4 introversion traits.
1)Self-controlled
2)Pessimtic
3)Thoughtful
4)Quiet
N vs EI
What does N and EI stand for?
Neurotisism vs Emotional stability.
Name 3 Neurotisim traits.
1)Anxious
2)Depression
3)Over-reactivw
Name 3 emotional stability traits.
1)Unworried
2)Calm
3)Even-tempered
What were the inital scales on Eyenck personality quiz?
Ranked on the Extraversion and Neurotisism
What were the scales of extraversion and neurotisim like on the Eyenck Personality Quiz for normal people vs criminals?
Normal people = Middle on both scales
Criminals=High on both scales
What does conditioning mean?
Through experience we seek pleasure and avoid pain.
What did Eyenck believe about the other possibility for criminality apart from conditioning?
Individuals - Nervous system - criminal personality
