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3 - Psychology A Level (ADHD friendly) > Individual Differences Area > Flashcards

Individual Differences Area Flashcards

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1
Q

FREUD - Background

A

Freud’s Psyhcodynamic Development:
- Oedipus Complex
- Phallic Stage

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2
Q

FREUD - Sample

A
  • 1 Jewish Boy in Vienna
  • Selected by his Father, who reported to Freud after his study was complete
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3
Q

FREUD - Procedure

A

Hans’ father reported to Freud on his son’s experiences & what Hans had admitted to him (dreams & fantasies)

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4
Q

FREUD - Conclusions

A
  • Hans = Oedipus Complex
  • Hans = successfully completed Phallic stage through Fantasies
  • Horse Phobia = Father’s competition for Mother
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5
Q

FREUD - Research Methods

A

Case Study
+ High Detail
- Not enough Participants

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6
Q

FREUD - Data Type

A

Qualitative

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7
Q

FREUD - Ethics

A

+ Parental Consent
- Distress, Privacy

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8
Q

FREUD - Validity

A

Low Internal & External: Hans’ father = Freud fan, Interpretation = Subjective

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9
Q

FREUD - Reliability

A
  • No Inter-rater reliability
  • Can’t Replicate
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10
Q

FREUD - Sample Bias

A
  • The researcher’s son chosen
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11
Q

FREUD - Ethnocentric

A

Yes: Vienna

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12
Q

FREUD - Link to Theme

A
  • Significant impact on Study of Disorders (Understanding Disorders)
  • High detail account of Unexplored Disorder
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13
Q

FREUD - Link to Area

A

How a “common” disorder appears in Hans individually (Dreams, Fantasies)

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14
Q

FREUD - How to Remember

A

Little Hans

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15
Q

BARON-COHEN - IV

A
  • NT or Atypical
  • Quasi
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16
Q

BARON-COHEN - DV

A

Score on Eyes Test

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17
Q

BARON-COHEN - Research Methods

A

+ Controlled Setting
- Ecological

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18
Q

BARON-COHEN - Data Type

A

Quantitative

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19
Q

BARON-COHEN - Reliability

A

+High Internal
+ Standardised
- Inconsistent Setting (lab/home)

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20
Q

BARON-COHEN - Validity

A

+ Control Group, Equal Age & Intelligence
- Repeated Measures, Low Ecological

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21
Q

BARON-COHEN - Ethics

A

+ Volunteer Sampling
- Psychological: told Autistic people = no THoM

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22
Q

BARON-COHEN - Sample +/-

A

+ Volunteer
- Small Samples
- Androcentric (except the control)

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23
Q

BARON-COHEN - Ethnocentrism

A
  • Yes: Cambridge
  • No: Conditions have same effects on people from anywhere
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24
Q

BARON-COHEN - Background

A
  • B-C a respected Autism Researcher
  • More understanding of how Autistic ppl struggle wanted
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24
Q

BARON-COHEN -Sample

A
  • Autistic: 13M, 3F
  • Tourette’s: 8M, 2F
  • NTs: 25M, 25F
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24
Q

BARON-COHEN - Procedure

A
  • 25 Greyscale eyes, w/ TARGET Term & FOIL
  • Gender Recognition Eyes task (control)
  • Basic Emotion of Whole Faces (control)
  • Strange Stories (to verify)
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25
Q

BARON-COHEN - Results

A
  • Controls = Similar w/ all ppl
  • Eyes Task = Au did sig. worse
  • Tourette’s = same as NTs
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26
Q

BARON-COHEN - Conclusions

A
  • Autism = No THoM
  • Eyes Task = Valid
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27
Q

BARON-COHEN - Link to Theme

A
  • Investigates the differences between disorders like Autism & Tourette’s, 7 how people are affected socially by them (Understanding Disorders)
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28
Q

BARON-COHEN - Link to Area

A
  • Investigates NT & Atypical differences, & diff.s between diff. ND conditions
29
Q

FREUD & B-C - Similarities

A
  • Understanding Disorders
  • Training therapists in Theoretical & Practical ways
30
Q

FREUD & B-C - Freud Diff.s

A
  • Case Study
  • Qualitative
  • Low Validity & Reliability
31
Q

FREUD & B-C - B-C Diff.s

A
  • Quasi, Highly Controlled
  • More Generalisable
  • Quantitative
32
Q

FREUD - Psychosexual stages

A
  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latency
  • Genital
33
Q

FREUD - Applications

A

Therapists

34
Q

BARON-COHEN - Applications

A
  • Measure & Quantify disorders
  • Understanding Autism
  • Therapists
35
Q

GOULD - Yerkes’ Background

A
  • US many Army Camps
  • Yerkes thinks Intelligence is Inert
  • VERY FLAWED
  • Socially Sensitive (racist)
36
Q

GOULD - IV

A
  • Diff. Races
37
Q

GOULD - DV

A

Score on Tests

38
Q

GOULD - Reliability

A

Not Standardised through camps, Detailed mark scheme

39
Q

GOULD - Sample

A
  • Black, White, European Americans
  • All successfully joined the army
  • Only Men
40
Q

GOULD - Yerkes’ Procedure

A
  • Alpha test
    > Literate
  • Beta test
    > Visuals
  • Spoken test
41
Q

GOULD - Yerkes’ Conclusions

A
  • White ppl = Higher IQ
  • North/Western EU = Higher IQ
  • East/South EU = Lower IQ
  • Black ppl = Lowest IQ
42
Q

GOULD - Background

A
  • Opposes Yerkes’ views (NURTURE)
  • Education
43
Q

GOULD - Why Yerkes’ = V. Flawed

A
  • Content Problems; Based off US Culture
  • Design Problems; Language Bias
  • Admin Problems; Not Standardised
  • Social Sensitivity; ‘Morons’
44
Q

GOULD - Research Methods

A

Review Article

45
Q

GOULD - Data Type

A

Quantitative

46
Q

GOULD - Ethics

A
  • ‘Country of Morons’
  • Eugenics: Stopped migration of non-white ppl into US; caused LOTS of racism & Fascism
47
Q

GOULD - Yerkes’ Validity

A

‘Ludicrous’: cultural bias, biased to those with better education

48
Q

GOULD - Ethnocentric

A

Yes, Cultural Biases

49
Q

GOULD - Link to Theme

A

Attempt to Quantify Intelligence; (Measuring Differences)

50
Q

GOULD - Link to Area

A

Differences between individual IQ

51
Q

GOULD - Applications

A

Beginnings of IQ testing??

52
Q

HANCOCK - Background

A
  • Speech = Insight into Underlying Cognitive Processes
  • Debated on whether Psychopaths are v. well spoken or poorly spoken
52
Q

HANCOCK - Sample

A
  • 52 Male Murderers
  • 14 Psychopaths & 38 Non-Psychopaths
  • Canada
53
Q

HANCOCK - Procedure

A
  • Briefed
  • Asked to Describe their Offence in as much Detail as Possible
  • 25 mins each
  • Prompted w/ Standardised Procedure
54
Q

HANCOCK - Conclusions; Psychopaths see their crimes as:

A
  • a logical outcome
  • a result of their needs
  • less +ve
  • more distant (past tense & passive)
55
Q

HANCOCK - Research Methods

A

Self Report; Analysis of Interview Transcripts, Quasi

56
Q

HANCOCK - Validity

A

+ Ecological, No Researcher Bias
- Socially Desirable Responses

57
Q

HANCOCK - Reliability

A

Yes: Interview, random checks (inter-rater reliability)

57
Q

HANCOCK - Ethics

A
  • No Deception
  • Consent given
58
Q

HANCOCK - Ethnocentrism

A

All were Canadian; IS
Same Psychological Disorder; IS NOT

58
Q

HANCOCK - Link to Area

A

Measured differences in Lang

59
Q

HANCOCK - Link to Theme

A

Measuring Differences in individual crime narratives (Measuring Differences)

59
Q

HANCOCK - Data Type

A

Qualitative

60
Q

HANCOCK - Applications

A

Easier Psychopath diagnoses

61
Q

GOULD & HANCOCK - Similarities

A

Quantitative, Individual Differences, difficulties with Valid Measures of Diff.s

62
Q

GOULD & HANCOCK - GOULD Diff.s

A

Measured Intelligence, Opportunity Sampling

62
Q

GOULD & HANCOCK - HANCOCK Diff.s

A

Studied Murderer Language, Volunteer Sampling

63
Q

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AREA - #s

A

Unique - # NT, # Atypical, #

64
Q

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AREA - Strength

A

Learn more about Disorders (Au=no THoM), Practical Applications

65
Q

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AREA - Weaknesses

A

Some are Subjective & Socially Sensitive, NOT Generalisable

66
Q

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AREA - Applications

A

Therapy, Treating Disorders, Education & Healthcare

3 - Psychology A Level (ADHD friendly) (37 decks)

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