Important Stuff - HORMONES Flashcards
Endocrine Response to Catabolic Tissue Effect of High-Intensity Aerobic Endurance Exercise
Testosterone is increased to promote protein synthesis to keep up with protein loss.
Testosterone Role in CNS Development in Long-Term Training
May augment neural adaptations that occur for strength gain in highly trained strength and power athletes.
Greater resistance training adaptation when the training program session induces acutely elevated testosterone concentrations.
Growth Hormone Response to Light-loads
No changes occur.
Resistance Training Protocols to Increase Growth Hormone Release
Rest: Short rest (= 1 minute)
Volume: Higher reps (~10 reps)
Resistance (Stress): High RM (10RM)
Most dramatic increases occurred in response to a 1-minute rest period when the duration of exercise was longer (10RM v. 5RM).
Lower and Higher Levels of Resting IGF-1 Concentrations Acute Responses to Exercise
Lower Resting Concentration (10-20 nmol/L): acute response increases occur more readily in response.
Higher Resting Concentration (35-45 nmol/L): acute exercise-induced increases are less probable.
In general, changes are based on starting levels of concentrations before training (i.e. if resting concentrations are low, IGF-I increases. If high, there is no change or it decreases).
Anabolic Hormones
Testosterone
Growth Hormone
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I)
Catabolic Effect of Cortisol
Stimulates the conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates, increasing the level of proteolytic enzymes (enzymes that break down proteins), inhibiting protein synthesis, and suppressing may glucose and immune cell function.
Greatest catabolic effect on Type II fibers ( they have more protein).
Cortisol and situations of disease, joint immobilization, or injury
Elevation of cortisol mediates a nitrogen-wasting effect with a net loss of contractile protein.
This results in muscle atrophy, with associated reduction in force production capability.
Testosterone and Insulin Counter of Cortisol
Anabolic effects of Testosterone and Insulin counter the catabolic effects of Cortisol.
If a greater number of receptors are bound with testosterone and this receptor complex blocks the genetic element on DNA that allows cortisol and its receptor to bind, protein is conserved or enhanced.
Cortisol Response to Resistance Training
Increases, most dramatically when with short rest periods or total volume of work is high.
Increases may have less of an effect in trained men, thus maintaining testosterones influence.
Very similar response to GH.
Cortisol Role in Suppression Function of Immune System Cells
Has direct impact on recovery and remodeling of skeletal muscle tissue.
“inactivates” immune cell functions, which partially contributes to the immune suppression observed after intense exercise stress.
General Resistance Exercise Protocol for Increasing Cortisol and Methods for Reducing These Effects
High volume.
Large muscle groups.
Short rest.
Vary training protocol and rest period length from short to longe over time.
Provide days of complete rest
Use lower-volume workouts to allow adrenal gland to engage in recovery and prevent chronic cortisol secretions (i.e. avoiding overreaching or overtraining).
Role of Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
Increased force production. Increased metabolic enzyme activity. Increased muscle contraction rate. Increased BP. Increased energy availability. Increased blood flow (via vasodilation). Increase secretion rates of other hormones (i.e. testosterone).
Catecholamines and Heavy RT.
Greater epinephrine secretion.
Long-term training reduces epinephrine response to single exercise workouts.
Stimulation of catecholamines is probably one of the first endocrine mechanisms to occur in response to resistance exercise.
General Concepts - Acute Increases of Serum Testosterone Concentrations
Large muscle groups exercises (ex. deadlift, power clean, squats).
Heavy resistance (85-95% 1RM).
Moderate to high volume, achieved with multiple sets or multiple exercises.
Short rest (30-60s)
