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CSCS - Round 2 > Chapter 1 - Structure and Function of Body Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

bones, joints, muscles tendons, configured to allow a great variety of movements

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2
Q

Muscles function by _____ against ______ that rotate about _____

A

muscles function by PULLING against BONES that rotate about JOINTS

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3
Q

Muscles can only pull, but b/c of boney levers, muscle pulling force can be manifested as either ____ or ____

A

PULL or PUSH

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4
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

skull (cranium)
vertebral column (C1-coccyx)
ribs
sternum

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5
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Shoulder girdle (L&R scapula and clavicle)
Bones of arms, wrists, hands (humerus, radius ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
Pelvic girdle (coxal and innominate bones)
Bones of legs, ankle, feet (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)

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6
Q

Joints (3)

A

junctions of bones; fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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7
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

allow virtually no movements (skull sutures)

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8
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

limited movements (intervertebral disks)

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9
Q

Synovial Joints

A

considerable movements due to low friction and large ROM (elbow, knee)

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10
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

cover articulating bone ends

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11
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

enclose joints in a capsule fluid

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12
Q

Joints # of direction (rotation)

A

uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

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13
Q

Uniaxal

A

Elbow/Knee

operate as hinges and rotate on 1 axis

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14
Q

Biaxal

A

Ankle/Wrist

movement about 2 perpendicular axes

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15
Q

Multiaxial

A

Shoulders/Hip ball and sockets

movement about all 3 perpendicular axes

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16
Q

Vertebral Column

A 
vertebral bones separated by disks.
7 cervical (neck)
12 thoracic (mid/upper back)
5 lumbar ( low back)
5 sacral (rear pelvis)
3-5 coccygeal (vestigial internal tail)
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17
Q

List the number at types of vertebrae

A 
7 cervical (neck)
12 thoracic (mid/upper back)
5 lumbar ( low back)
5 sacral (rear pelvis)
3-5 coccygeal (vestigial internal tail extending down from pelvis)
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18
Q

Factors affecting skeletal growth in adults

A

Heavy loads: increase bone density and mineral content
Explosive movements w/ impact: similar to heavy loads
High strength and high power movements (gymnastics)
How often the axial skeleton is loaded.

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19
Q

Musculoskeletal Macrostructure and Microstructure

A 
each skeletal muscle contains:
muscle tissue
connective tissue
nerves
blood vessels
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20
Q

Epimysium

A

Fibrous connective tissue that covers skeletal muscle.
Adjoins w/ tendons.
Tendons attached to bone periosteum

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21
Q

Bone Periosteum

A

specialized connective tissue covering all BONES.

Any muscle contraction pulls tendon, which pulls the bone

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22
Q

Limb muscle attachemnts

A

proximal (closer to trunk)

distal (further from trunk)

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23
Q

Truck muscle attachments

A

superior (closer to head)

inferior (closer to feet)

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24
Q

Muscle Cells

A

i.e. muscle fibers
Long, cylindrical cells 50-100 µm (micrometer).
Have many nuclei situated on the periphery of the cell.
Striated appearance

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25
Q

Fasciculi

A

bundles of muscle fibers under epimysium.

Consist of up to 150 fibers, w/ bundles covered by perimysium

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26
Q

Perimyium

A

connective tissue surrounding fasciculi

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27
Q

Endomysium

A

connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

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28
Q

Sarcolemma

A

fibrous membrane.

encricle endomysium

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29
Q

Connective tissues

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

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30
Q

Connective tissues are all…

A

contiguous w/ the tendon, so tension developed in muscle cell is transmitted to tendon and bone it’s attached to

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31
Q

Neuromuscular Junctions

A

i.e. End Plate

junction between motor neuron (nerve cell) and muscle fibers it innervates.

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32
Q

Each muscle cell has _____ NMJ

A

Each muscle cell has 1 NMJ, although a motor neuron innervates hundreds or even thousands of muscle fibers

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33
Q

Moto Unit

A

motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

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34
Q

All muscle fibers of a motor unit contract when stimulated by a ______ _______

A

motor neuron

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35
Q

Interior Structure of Muscle Fiber (3)

A

Sarcoplasm
Myofibrils
Myofilament

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36
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.
Contains contractile components consisting of:
Protein filaments
Other proteins
Stored glycogen fat
Enzymes
Specialized organelles (mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum)

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37
Q

Myofibrils

A

hundreds dominate the sarcoplasm.

contain apparatus that contracts muscle cells and contain 2 primary types of myofilament

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38
Q

Myofilament

A

myosin and actin filaments

thick and thin

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39
Q

Myosin

A 
Thick filament (~16nm diameter, 1/10,000 diameter of hair)
contain up to 200 myosin molecules.
Consists of globular head, hinge point, and fibrous tail
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40
Q

Myosin Globular Head

A

Protrude away from myosin filament regularly.

2 myosin form a cross-bridge, which interact w/ actin

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41
Q

Actin

A 
Thin filaments (~6nm diameter)
Consists of 2 strands arranged in double helix
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42
Q

Myosin and Actin arrangement

A

arranged longitudinally in smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle, the sacromere

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43
Q

Sacromere

A

avg. ~2.5 µm in length in relaxed fibers

~4,500 per cm of muscle length

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44
Q

Structure and Orientation of Myosin and Actin in Sacromere

A

Adjacent myosin anchor to each other @ M-bridge in center of sacromere (center of H-zone).
Actin is aligned at both ends of sacromere (anchored @ Z-line)

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45
Q 
# of Actin surrounding each Myosin
# of Myosin surround each Actin
A

6 actin surround each Myosin

3 Myosin surround each Actin

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46
Q

Arrangement of myosin and actin filaments + Z-lines of sacromeres =

A

alternating dark and light pattern of skeletal muscle

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47
Q

A-band

A

(DARK)

alignment of myosin filaments

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48
Q

I-band

A

(LIGHT)
2 adjacent sacromeres that contain only actin filaments.
Decreases as Z-lines are pulled toward center of sacromere.

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49
Q

Z-line

A

(THIN, DARK)

middle of I-band, running longitudinally through I-band

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50
Q

H-zone

A

center of sacromere where only myosin filaments are present.

During muscle contraction, H-zone decreases as actin slides over myosin toward center of sacromere.

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51
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

A

parallel to each myofibrils.
SR is a intricate system of tubules which ends as vesicles around the Z-lines. Calcium ions are stored in these vesicles.
Regulation of Ca+ ions controls muscle contraction

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52
Q

Transverse tubules (T-tubules)

A

run perpendicular to SR and end around Z-line between 2 vesicles.
B/c T-tubules run between outlying myofibrils and are contiguous w/ sarcolemma at cell surface, action potential occurs

53
Q

Action Potential (AP)

A

Electrical nerve impulse.
Discharge of AP from motor nerve signals release of CA+ from SR into myofibril, causing tension development in muscle (i.e. muscle contraction)

54
Q

Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction

A

Actin at each end of sacromere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling Z-lines toward center of sacromere, thus shortening the muscle.
Actin slides over myosin, causing H-zone and I-band to shrink.
Myosin cross-bridges pulling actin is responsible for moving actin.

55
Q

Resting Muscle

A

little Ca+ is present in myofibril, meaning very few myosin are attached to actin (weak bond)

56
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase

A

Myosin must attach to actin before myosin cross-bridges can flex
SR stimulation > Ca+ release > Ca binds w/ troponin > shift in tropomyosin > myosin cross-bridge attaches more rapidly to actin, producing more force as actin is pulled toward center of sacromere.

57
Q

Troponin

A

protein situated at regular intervals along w/ actin filament and has high affinity for Ca+ ions

58
Q

Tropomyosin

A

runs length of actin filament in groove of double helix

59
Q

Amount of force produced by muscle is directly related to…

A

the # of myosin cross-bridges bound to actin filaments cross-sectionally at that instant in time.

60
Q

Power Stroke

A

energy for pulling action.

Comes from hydrolysis (breakdown) of ATP to ADP + P

61
Q

Enzyme catalyst during hydrolysis of ATP

A

myosin adensosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

62
Q

Contraction Phase

A

Power Stroke
Another ATP must replace ADP on myosin cross-bridge globular head in order for head to detach from active actin site and return to its original position.
Contraction process continues (if Ca available) or relaxation occurs (if Ca isn’t available).

63
Q

Recharge Phase (5)

A

muscle shortening occurs during the repeated sequence of:
Ca binds to troponin.
Myosin cross-bridge couples w/ actin.
Power stroke.
Dissociation (release) or actin and myosin.
Myosin head resets position.

64
Q

Recharge phase only occurs when… (3)

A

Ca is available in myofibril.
ATP is available to assist w/ uncoupling myosin from actin.
Sufficient active myosin ATPase is available for catalyzing the breakdown of ATP.

65
Q

Steps of Muscle Contraction Summarized (5)

A

1) ATP splitting by myosin ATPase causes myosin head to be energized, allowing the head to move into binding position w/ actin.
2) ATP splitting causes release of phosphate (P), causing myosin head to change shape and shift.
3) This shift pulls actin filament toward center of sacromere (aka Power Stroke), causing ADP release.
4) Once power stroke occurs, myosin head detaches from actin, but only after another ATP binds to myosin head; this binding facilitates detachment.
5) The detached myosin head is ready to bind to another actin (Step 1). Cycle continues as long as ATP and ATPase are present and Ca is bound to troponin.

66
Q

Motor neuron fires an impulse (AP) causing…

A

Motor neuron fires an impulse (AP) causing all associated fibers to be activated and develop force.

67
Q

Muscle controls depends on the…

A

Muscle control depends on the # of muscle fibers within each motor unit.

68
Q

Muscles that require great precision may have…

A

Muscles that require great precision may have motor units w/ as few as 1 muscle fiber per motor neuron.
ex. eye muscles

69
Q

Muscles that require less precision may have…

A

Muscles that require less precision may have several hundred fibers per motor neuron
ex. quads

70
Q

AP flow along motor neuron can’t directly excite _____ _____

A

muscle fibers.
Instead, the motor neuron excites the muscle fibers it innervates by chemical transmission.
AP arrives at nerve terminal, causing release of acetylcholine

71
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter;

diffuses across NMJ causing excitation of sarcolemma resulting in fiber contraction

72
Q

All-or-none principle

A

All (never some) muscle fibers contract at same time.

Stronger AP cannot produce stronger contractions.

73
Q

Twitch (contraction)

A

the brief contraction of muscle fibers within motor unit as each AP travels downs motor neuron.
Sarcolemma is activated which releases CA within fiber

74
Q

Single Twitch

A

Ca released before max force of fiber; muscle relaxes

75
Q

Second Twitch

A

if elicited before fibers relax, force from both twitches combine. This results in greater force produced by a single twitch.

76
Q

Time & Twitch (Tetanus)

A

Decreasing time between twitches results in greater cross-bridge and force production.
Stimuli may be delivered so fast that twitches begin to merge and eventually fuse (i.e. twitch summation).

77
Q

Tetanus

A

max amount of force the motor unit can develop

78
Q

Muscle Fiber Classifications

A

Fast twitch

Slow Twitch

79
Q

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

A

develops force quickly
relaxes rapidly
short twitch time

80
Q

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers

A

develops force slowly
relaxes slowly
long twitch time

81
Q

Type I Fibers

A

slow twitch
efficient and fatigue resistant
high capacity for aerobic energy supply
limited/low force development (low myosin ATPase activity and low anaerobic power)

82
Q

Type II (IIa or IIx)

A 
inefficient and fatigable
low aerobic power
rapid force development
high myosin ATPase activity
high anaerobic power
83
Q

Type IIa compared to Type IIx

A

greater aerobic metabolism
more capillaries surrounding them
greater resistance to fatgue

84
Q

Muscle force can be graded in 2 ways:

A

1) variation of the frequency at which motor units are activated
2) motor unit recruitment

85
Q

Variation of the frequency at which motor units are activated

A

if a motor unit is activated once, the twitch that arises doesn’t produce a great deal of force (single twitch)
if a motor unit is activated more frequently, force generated begins to overlap (summate), resulting in greater force (tetanus)

86
Q

Motor Unit Recruitment

A 
increasing force by varying the # of motor units activated.
large muscles (thigh), motor units are activated at near-tetanic frequency.
increases in force output is achieved through recruitment of additional motor units
87
Q

Complete activation of available motor neuron pool is probably not possible in untrained individuals, although…

A

although large fast twitch units may be recruited if effort is substantial, it’s probably not possible to activate them at a high frequency for max force.

88
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, and tendons that provide the CNS w/ information needed to maintain muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements.
Relay info about muscle dynamics to conscious and subconscious parts of the CNS.

89
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers (extrafusal and intrafusal) enclosed in a shealth of connective tissues

90
Q

Extrafusal Muscle Fibers

A

normal muscle contracting fibers

91
Q

Intrafusal Muscle Fibers

A

muscle spindles; run parallel to extrafusal fibers.

92
Q

When muscle lengthens, ______ stretch. The process that follows

A

spindles;
this stretch activates the sensory neuron of the spindle > sends impulse to spinal cord > impulse synapses (connects) w/ motor unit > activation of motor neurons innervating same muscle.

93
Q

Spindles indicate degree to which _____ must be activated in order to overcome a given ________

A

muscle, resistance.
as load increases, muscle is stretched to greater extent, causing muscle spindles to be emerged and result in greater muscle activation.

94
Q

Muscle performing _______ movements have more muscle spindles per per uint of mass

A

precise.
ex. knee jerk reflex; tap tendon of knee extensor > knee extensors stretch > extrafusal fibers activate > knee jerk occurs as the extensor muscles shorten > intrafusal fibers discharge to cease the stretch.

95
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)

A

Proprioceptors located in tendons near myotendinous junction and are in series (attached from end to end) wi/ extrafusal muscle fibers.
Activated when tendon attached to muscle is stretched; as tension increases, discharge of GTO increases.

96
Q

Sensory neuron of GTO

A

Synapses w/ inhibitory interneuron in spinal cord, which then synapses w/ and inhibits a motor neuron that serves the same muscle.
This results in less tension within muscle and tendon.

97
Q

Muscle spindles facilitate activation of muscle, whereas GTO neural imput…

A

inhibits muscle activation

98
Q

GTO inhibitory process provides a mechanism that protects against…

A

development of excessive tension.
Low force/load = low GTO activity.
High force/load = reflexive inhibition by GTO causing muscle relaxation.

99
Q

How can athletes improve force production? (3)

A

1) training phases that incorporate heavier loads in order to optimize neural recruitment
2) increase cross-sectional area of muscles involved in desired activity.
3) perform explosive multi-muscle and multi-joint exercises to optimize fast-twitch muscle recruitment.

100
Q

Primary roles of the Cardiovascular System (3)

A

transport nutrients
remove waste and byproducts
assist w/ maintaining environment for body’s functions

101
Q

Heart L and R pumps

A

L: pumps blood through rest of body
R: pumps blood through lungs
Each pump has 2 chambers

102
Q

Chambers of heart pumps

A

Atrium

Ventricle

103
Q

L and R Atria

A

deliver blood into L and R ventricle

104
Q

L and R Ventricles

A

supply main force for moving blood through peripheral (L ventricle) and pulmonary (R ventricle) circulations, respectively.

105
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves (Heart Valves)

A 
Tricuspid valve
Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
AV valves prevent blood flow from ventricles back into the atria during ventricular contraction (systole)
106
Q

Semilunar Valves (Heart Valves)

A

Aortic valve
Pulmonary Valve
prevents backflow from aorta and pulmonary arteries into ventricles during ventricular relaxation (diastole)

107
Q

Opening and closing of valves

A

each valve opens and closes passively.
Closes when backward pressure gradient pushes blood back against it.
Opens when forward pressure gradient forces blood in forward direction.

108
Q

Conduction System and what it consists of

A

specialized electrical conduction system that controls mechanical contraction of heart.
Composed of:
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Internodal pathways that conduct the impulse from the SA node to the AV node.
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle
L and R bundle branch

109
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

intrinsic pacemaker; rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated and spread immediately into atria.
Small area of specialized muscle tissue in upper lateral wall of R. atrium.
Its fibers are continguous w/ muscle fibers of atrium.

110
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

impulse is delayed slightly before passing into ventricle
Prevents impulse from traveling into ventricles too rapidly, allowing time for atria to contract and empty blood into ventricles before ventricular contraction begins.
Located in posterior septal wall of R. atrium

111
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle

A

conducts impulse to the ventricles

112
Q

L and R bundle branch

A

further divide into the Purkinje fibers and conduct impulses to all parts of the ventricles.
Lead from AV bundle into ventricles, except the initial portion when they penetrate AV barrier.

113
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

a

114
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Graphic representation of electrical activity of the heart.
Recorded at surface of body.
P-wave, QRS complex, T-wave.

115
Q

P-wave and QRS complex

A

recordings of electrical depolarization.

P-wave = Atria ; QRS = Ventricles

116
Q

T-wave

A

Repolarization of ventricles.

117
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Operate in closed-circuit system.
Arterial carries blood away from heart.
Venous system returns blood.

118
Q

Arteries

A

rapidly transport blood pumped from heart.

119
Q

Capillaries

A

change O2, fluid, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between blood and interstitial fluid in the various tissues of the body.

120
Q

Veins

A

collect blood from the capillaries and gradually converge into progressively larger veins which transport blood back to heart.

121
Q

Blood

A

hemoglobin transports O2 and serves as an acid-base buffer.

RBC facilitate CO2 removal

122
Q

General role of Cardiovascular System

A

transports nutrients and removes waste products while helping to maintain the environment for all the body’s functions. The blood transports O@ from the lungs to the tissues for use in cellular metabolism, and it transports CO2 from the tissues to lungs, where it’s removed form body.

123
Q

Skeletal Muscle Pump

A

Contracting muscles compresses veins, pushing blood one-way to return to heart.
Ex. continued movement after exercise to avoid blood pooling.

124
Q

Respiratory System

A

Air distributed two lungs by way of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, before the air finale reaches alveoli (gas is exchanged).

125
Q

Exchange of Air

A

amount and movement of air and expired gases in and out of the lungs are controlled by expansion and recoil of the lungs

126
Q

Expiration

A

diaphragm RELAXES.

Elastic recoil of lungs, chest wall, and abdominal structures compress lungs.

127
Q

Inspiration

A

diaphragm CONTRACTS creating negative pressure.

128
Q

Exchange of Respiratory Gases

A

Primary function is basic exchange of O2 and CO2

129
Q

Ventilation

A

O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary blood, and CO@ diffuses from blood into alveoli.

CSCS - Round 2 (17 decks)

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