Chapter 1 - Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards
Musculoskeletal System
bones, joints, muscles tendons, configured to allow a great variety of movements
Muscles function by _____ against ______ that rotate about _____
muscles function by PULLING against BONES that rotate about JOINTS
Muscles can only pull, but b/c of boney levers, muscle pulling force can be manifested as either ____ or ____
PULL or PUSH
Axial Skeleton
skull (cranium)
vertebral column (C1-coccyx)
ribs
sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder girdle (L&R scapula and clavicle)
Bones of arms, wrists, hands (humerus, radius ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
Pelvic girdle (coxal and innominate bones)
Bones of legs, ankle, feet (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)
Joints (3)
junctions of bones; fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Fibrous Joints
allow virtually no movements (skull sutures)
Cartilaginous Joints
limited movements (intervertebral disks)
Synovial Joints
considerable movements due to low friction and large ROM (elbow, knee)
Hyaline Cartilage
cover articulating bone ends
Synovial Fluid
enclose joints in a capsule fluid
Joints # of direction (rotation)
uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
Uniaxal
Elbow/Knee
operate as hinges and rotate on 1 axis
Biaxal
Ankle/Wrist
movement about 2 perpendicular axes
Multiaxial
Shoulders/Hip ball and sockets
movement about all 3 perpendicular axes
Vertebral Column
vertebral bones separated by disks. 7 cervical (neck) 12 thoracic (mid/upper back) 5 lumbar ( low back) 5 sacral (rear pelvis) 3-5 coccygeal (vestigial internal tail)
List the number at types of vertebrae
7 cervical (neck) 12 thoracic (mid/upper back) 5 lumbar ( low back) 5 sacral (rear pelvis) 3-5 coccygeal (vestigial internal tail extending down from pelvis)
Factors affecting skeletal growth in adults
Heavy loads: increase bone density and mineral content
Explosive movements w/ impact: similar to heavy loads
High strength and high power movements (gymnastics)
How often the axial skeleton is loaded.
Musculoskeletal Macrostructure and Microstructure
each skeletal muscle contains: muscle tissue connective tissue nerves blood vessels
Epimysium
Fibrous connective tissue that covers skeletal muscle.
Adjoins w/ tendons.
Tendons attached to bone periosteum
Bone Periosteum
specialized connective tissue covering all BONES.
Any muscle contraction pulls tendon, which pulls the bone
Limb muscle attachemnts
proximal (closer to trunk)
distal (further from trunk)
Truck muscle attachments
superior (closer to head)
inferior (closer to feet)
Muscle Cells
i.e. muscle fibers
Long, cylindrical cells 50-100 µm (micrometer).
Have many nuclei situated on the periphery of the cell.
Striated appearance