Impairments

Question 1

Homonymous Hemianopia + cause

Answer 1

Sensory - Vi

Loss of one side of visual field (contralateral to brain lesion)
Lesion posterior to optic chiasm (optic tract, thalamus, optic radiation, occipital lobe)

Question 2

Monocular blindness + cause

Answer 2

Sensory - Vi

Loss of vision from one eye

Lesion to optic nerve

Question 3

Diplopia + cause

Answer 3

Sensory - Vi

Double vision

Lesion in brainstem

Question 4

Vertigo

Answer 4

Sensory - Ve

Illusion of movement that isn’t actually occurring - movement of the environment around the person

Question 5

Nystagmus

Answer 5

Sensory - Ve

Abnormal eye movement - fast in one direct, slow in other.
named after fast component

Question 6

Paresis + cause

Answer 6

Motor

Muscular weakness

UMN and/or LMN lesion

Question 7

Hypertonia + cause

Answer 7

Motor

High resistance to stretch

UMNs

Question 8

Spasticity (def. + cause + types)

Answer 8

Motor - Hypertonia

Abnormal muscle tone - hypertonia - prolonged contraction - Velocity-dependent

cause: UMNs

Types: Catch and Clonus (repetitive action)

Question 9

Rigidity (def. + cause)

Answer 9

Motor - Hypertonia - abnormal muscle tone

velocity independent

*Parkinson’s

Question 10

Hypotonia + cause

Answer 10

Motor

low amount of resistance to stretch; floppy

LMNs

Question 11

Dystonia

Answer 11

Motor

Sustained muscle contraction - fixed tone

results in twisting postures

Question 12

Dysarthria

Answer 12

Motor

paresis of muscles used for speech -> slurred speech

Question 13

Hyperreflexia

Answer 13

Motor - abnormal muscle reflex

overactive muscle stretch reflex

UMNs

Question 14

Hyporeflexia

Answer 14

Motor - Abnormal Muscle Stretch Reflex

Reduced or absent muscle stretch reflex

LMNs

Question 15

Areflexia

Answer 15

Motor - abnormal muscle reflex

absent muscle stretch reflex

Question 16

Bradykinesia

Answer 16

Motor - abnormal movement

Slow movement

Question 17

Hypokinesia

Answer 17

Motor - abnormal movement

Small movement

Question 18

Dyskinesia + types

Answer 18

motor - abnormal movement

Involuntary movement

types: resting tremor, chorea

Question 19

Resting Tremor

Answer 19

Motor - abnormal movement - dyskinesia

Involuntary movement that is present at rest and absent with movement

*Parkinson’s

Question 20

Chorea

Answer 20

motor - abnormal movement - dyskinesia

Involuntary, jerky movement

Question 21

Dysmetria + cause

Answer 21

Abnormal movement - Incoordination

wrong length - misjudging the length to a target

cause: cerebellar dysfunction

Question 22

Ataxia

Answer 22

Abnormal movement - incoordination

Jerky movement, mimic being drunk; slurred speech, uncoordinated movement - stumbling, falling, swayed walking

Cause: cerebellar dysfunction

Question 23

Intention tremor

Answer 23

Abnormal movement - incoordination

uncoordinated movement of limbs (only limbs) - absent a rest and present with voluntary movement - velocity-dependent

Cause: cerebellar dysfunction

Question 24

Neglect (+ which is more common)

Answer 24

Cognitive/Perceptual

inability to attend to one side of the body and environment

more common in lesion to RIGHT (non-dominant) cerebral hemisphere = left sided neglect

Question 25

Aphasia + cause + types + which side lesion is it more common with

Answer 25

Cogntive/perceptual Inability to understand language or use language to express yourself cause: dysfunction or areas in frontal or parietal lobes more common in lesion in LEFT (dominant) cerebral hemisphere types: receptive (Wernicke's) and Expressive (Broca's)

Question 26

Receptive Aphasia (Wernicke's)

Answer 26

Cognitive/perceptual Unable to understand written or spoken language and unable to speak or write with significant meaning *person is usually unaware* Parietal lobe dysfunction

Question 27

Expressive Aphasia (Broca's)

Answer 27

Cognitive/perceptual Able to understand written or spoken language Unable to speak or write with significant meaning - single words comprehensible, sentences incomprehensive * individual are aware* Frontal lobe dysfunction

Question 28

Apraxia/Dyspraxia + types

Answer 28

Cognitive/Perceptual Person is unable to carry out, on request or by imitation, a skilled, learned movement Difficulty executing purposeful movement on demand despite adequate limb movement and sensation Types: ideomotor, ideational, constructional, dressing

Question 29

Pusher Syndrome

Answer 29

Cognitive/perceptual Impaired perception verticality (orientation body relative to gravity) - view upright at approx. 20 deg to affected side individual pushes the unaffected side towards the affected side *contralateral to brain lesion*

Question 30

3 Cardinal Signs of Parkinson's

Answer 30

1. Bradykinesia 2. Rigidity 3. Resting Tremor

Question 31

Typical cortical lesion impairments

Answer 31

Contralateral impairements sensory - somatosensation motor - hemiparesis - hypertonia: spasticity cognitive/perceptual

Question 32

Typical Cerebellar lesion impairments

Answer 32

Ipsilateral impairments Sensory - vestibular - C-AVS Motor - hypotonia (floppy) - incoordination: intention tremor, ataxia, dysmetria - dysarthria cognitive/perceptual