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Washington / SEAPA Pilots > IMO Guidlines On Fatigue Mitigation And Management > Flashcards

IMO Guidlines On Fatigue Mitigation And Management Flashcards

1
Q

This is a state of feeling tired, weary, or sleepy that results from prolonged mental, extended periods of anxiety, exposure to harsh environments or loss of sleep. The results of which impair performance and diminish alertness.

A

Fatigue

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2
Q

This resulting from fatigue is widely perceived as the cause of numerous marine casualties, including the Exxon Valdez.

A

Human error

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3
Q

True or False The negative effects of fatigue present a disastrous risk to the safety of human life damage to the environment and property.

A

True

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4
Q

A reduction in physical and/or mental capability as the result of physical, mental or emotional exertion which may impair nearly all physical abilities including: strength, speed, reaction time, coordination, decision making or balance. This describes what?

A

Fatigue

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5
Q

What is the common causes of fatigue to seafarers?
A. Lack of sleep
B. Poor quality of rest
C. Stress and excessive workload
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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6
Q

What is a crew-specific factor when it comes to fatigue?
A. Sleep and Rest: quality and duration, sleep disorders/ Disturbances, rest breaks.
B. Staffing policies and retention, paperwork requirements, and training of crew.
C. Ship design, equipment reliability, age of vessel, and physical comfort in work spaces.
D. Ship motion resulting in nausea and motion sickness.

A

A. Sleep and Rest: quality and duration, sleep disorders/disturbances, rest breaks.

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7
Q

What is a crew-specific factor when it comes to fatigue?
A. Health, diet and illness.
B. Staffing policies and retention, paperwork requirements, and training of crew.
C. Ship design, equipment reliability, age of vessel, and physical comfort in work spaces.
D. Ship motion resulting in nausea and motion sickness.

A

A. Health diet and illness

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8
Q

What is a crew-specific factor when it comes to fatigue?
A. Sleep and Rest: quality and duration, sleep disorders/ Disturbances, rest breaks.
B.Psychological and emotional factors like fear and monotony/bordom.
C. Stress from skill knowledge and training and interpersonal relationships.
D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above.

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9
Q

What is a management factor when it comes to fatigue?
A. Sleep and Rest: quality and duration, sleep disorders/ Disturbances, rest breaks.
B. Staffing policies and retention, paperwork requirements, and training of crew.
C. Ship design, equipment reliability, age of vessel, and physical comfort in work spaces.
D. Ship motion resulting in nausea and motion sickness.

A

B. Staffing policies and retention, paperwork requirements, and training of crew.

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10
Q

What is a management-specific factor when it comes to fatigue?
A. Sleep and Rest: quality and duration, sleep disorders/ Disturbances, rest breaks.
B. Voyage and scheduling factors like frequent port of calls, time between ports, traffic density on route.
C. Ship design, equipment reliability, age of vessel, and physical comfort in work spaces.
D. Ship motion resulting in nausea and motion sickness.

A

B. Voyage and scheduling factors like frequent port of calls, time between ports, traffic density on route.

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11
Q

What is a ship-specific factor when it comes to fatigue?
A. Sleep and Rest: quality and duration, sleep disorders/ Disturbances, rest breaks.
B. Voyage and scheduling factors like frequent port of calls, time between ports, traffic density on route.
C. Ship design, equipment reliability, age of vessel, and physical comfort in work spaces.
D. Ship motion resulting in nausea and motion sickness.

A

C. Ship design, equipment reliability, age of vessel, and physical comfort in work spaces.

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12
Q

What is a ship-specific factor when it comes to fatigue?
A. Sleep and Rest: quality and duration, sleep disorders/ Disturbances, rest breaks.
B. Voyage and scheduling factors like frequent port of calls, time between ports, traffic density on route.
C. Level of Automation onboard, Physical comfort in work spaces and Level of redundancy.
D. Ship motion resulting in nausea and motion sickness.

A

C. Level of Automation onboard, Physical comfort in work spaces and Level of redundancy.

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13
Q

What is an environmental factor when it comes to fatigue?
A. Sleep and Rest: quality and duration, sleep disorders/ Disturbances, rest breaks.
B. Voyage and scheduling factors like frequent port of calls, time between ports, traffic density on route.
C. Level of Automation onboard, Physical comfort in work spaces and Level of redundancy.
D. Ship motion resulting in nausea and motion sickness.

A

D. Ship motion resulting in nausea and motion sickness.

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14
Q

What is a Ship-specific factor when it comes to fatigue?
A. Sleep and Rest: quality and duration, sleep disorders/ Disturbances, rest breaks.
B. Voyage and scheduling factors like frequent port of calls, time between ports, traffic density on route.
C. Noice, vibration and temperature within the ship.
D. None of the above.

A

D. None of the above.

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15
Q

What is an environmental-specific factor when it comes to fatigue?
A. Sleep and Rest: quality and duration, sleep disorders/ Disturbances, rest breaks.
B. Voyage and scheduling factors like frequent port of calls, time between ports, traffic density on route.
C. Noice, vibration and temperature within the ship.
D. None of the above.

A

C. Noice, vibration and temperature within the ship.

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16
Q

How much uninterrupted sleep is recommended in a 24 hour period?

A

7-8 hours.

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17
Q

What factors may lead to sleep disruption?
A. Environmental
B. Food and consumption of chemicals
C. Psychological factors
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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18
Q

Each individual has a biological clock and this clock regulates the body’s __________.

A

Circadian rhythm

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19
Q

Sleep/wake cycle follows a _____ hour rhythm.
A. 3
B. 6
C. 12
D. 24

A

D. 24

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20
Q

A person’s cycle has two distinctive peaks and dips. The two times of low alertness occur between _________ am and between _________ pm.
A. 2-4
B. 3-5
C. 4-6
D. 5-7

A

B. 3-5

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21
Q

True or False: proceeding the low alertness dips are maximum alertness periods or the peaks.

A

True

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22
Q

The internal clock can adjust by how much each day after a shift rotation?

A

1 to 2 hours a day.

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23
Q

This is the optimum state of the brain that enables us to make conscious decisions.

A

Alertness

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24
Q

Which statement is true concerning chronically fatigued individuals?
A. The become more susceptible to errors of attention and memory.
B. They will select strategies that have a high degree of risk on the basis that they require less effort to execute.
C. Their problem solving skills are affected when trying to handle new or novel tasks.
D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above.

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25
Q

True or False: people that are experiencing fatigue have a difficult time recognizing the signs of fatigue themselves.

A

True

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26
Q

What is a key difficulty for individuals experiencing fatigue?

A

They have a very difficult time recognizing the signs of fatigue themselves

This is largely due to fatigue affecting judgment and problem-solving abilities.

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27
Q

List some physical signs of fatigue.

A
  • Inability to stay awake
  • Difficulty with hand-eye coordination skills
  • Speech difficulties
  • Heaviness in the arms and legs
  • Decreased ability to exert force
  • Increased frequency of dropping objects
  • Non-specific physical discomfort
  • Headaches
  • Giddiness
  • Heart palpitations
  • Rapid breathing
  • Loss of appetite
  • Insomnia
  • Sudden sweating fits
  • Leg pains or cramps
  • Digestion problems

These signs can be observed in oneself or others.

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28
Q

What are some emotional effects of fatigue?

A
  • Increased willingness to take risks
  • Increased intolerance and anti-social behaviour
  • Needless worry
  • Reduced motivation to work well
  • Increased mood changes

Examples of mood changes include irritability, tiredness, and depression.

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29
Q

What mental impairments can result from fatigue?

A
  • Poor judgement of distance, speed, time
  • Inaccurate interpretation of a situation
  • Slow or no response to situations
  • Reduced attention span
  • Difficulty concentrating and thinking clearly
  • Decreased ability to pay attention

These impairments can affect both normal and emergency situations.

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30
Q

True or False: Fatigue can lead to an increased intolerance and anti-social behavior.

A

True

This is one of the emotional effects of fatigue.

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: A physical sign of fatigue includes _______.

A

[inability to stay awake]

This includes behaviors such as head nodding or falling asleep against one’s will.

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32
Q

What is a common cognitive effect of fatigue?

A

Inaccurate interpretation of a situation

This can involve failing to focus on a simple problem or not anticipating danger.

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33
Q

List some non-specific physical discomforts associated with fatigue.

A
  • Headaches
  • Giddiness
  • Heart palpitations
  • Rapid breathing
  • Loss of appetite
  • Insomnia
  • Sudden sweating fits
  • Leg pains or cramps
  • Digestion problems

These discomforts are often less identifiable and can vary from person to person.

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34
Q

What behavior may increase in individuals experiencing fatigue?

A

Increased willingness to take risks

This can lead to unsafe decision-making.

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35
Q

What is a potential consequence of fatigue on motivation?

A

Reduced motivation to work well

This can impact overall productivity and effectiveness.

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36
Q

What is a primary cause of fatigue?

A

Lack of sleep

Sleep is essential for maintaining or restoring performance levels.

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37
Q

How can poor quality of sleep affect fatigue?

A

It can cause fatigue when sleep is interrupted or difficult to initiate

Poor quality of sleep disrupts restorative processes.

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38
Q

What role does insufficient rest time between work periods play in fatigue?

A

It can contribute to fatigue by not allowing recovery time

Rest periods are important for performance restoration.

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39
Q

What is a factor that can lead to poor quality of rest?

A

Disturbances while resting, such as unexpected awakenings

On-call duty and unpredictable work hours are examples.

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40
Q

How does stress contribute to fatigue?

A

It can increase fatigue due to personal issues or long work hours

Stress can accumulate from various sources.

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41
Q

What type of work can lead to boredom and subsequently fatigue?

A

Boring and repetitive work

Monotonous tasks can lead to mental fatigue.

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42
Q

What environmental factors can affect fatigue?

A

Noise or vibration

These factors can disrupt sleep and increase physical stress.

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43
Q

How does ship movement contribute to fatigue?

A

It requires extra energy to maintain physical balance

Ship pitching and rolling can increase effort by 15-20%.

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44
Q

What dietary factors can influence fatigue?

A

Food timing, frequency, content, and quality

Refined sugars can cause rapid blood sugar fluctuations.

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45
Q

What types of medical conditions can exacerbate fatigue?

A

Heart problems and common illnesses like the cold

These conditions can slow response times and affect coordination.

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46
Q

What substances can disrupt sleep and contribute to fatigue?

A

Alcohol, caffeine, and some over-the-counter medications

Caffeine can also cause side effects like anxiety and headaches.

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47
Q

What is jet-lag and how does it relate to fatigue?

A

A condition causing fatigue after long flights across time zones

Adjustment is easier traveling east to west than vice versa.

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48
Q

What defines an excessive workload?

A

Consistently working heavy workloads or long hours

This can lead to negative health effects and increased accident rates.

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49
Q

List some negative effects of excessive workload.

A
  • Increased accident and fatality rates
  • Increased dependence on drugs, tobacco, or alcohol
  • Poor quality and disrupted sleep patterns
  • Higher frequency of cardiovascular, respiratory, or digestive disorders
  • Increased risk of infection
  • Loss of appetite

These effects can be serious and impact overall health.

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50
Q

Name 13 things that can cause Fatigue onboard a ship.

A
  1. Lack of sleep
  2. Poor quality of sleep
  3. Insufficient rest time between work periods
  4. Poor quality of rest
  5. Stress
  6. Boring and repetitive work
  7. Noise and vibration
  8. Ship movement
  9. Food (timing, frequency, content and quality)
  10. Medical conditions and illnesses
  11. Ingesting chemicals
  12. Jet-lag
  13. Excessive work load
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51
Q

What are 6 things you can do to promote good sleep habits?

A
  1. Develop and follow a pre-sleep routine to promote sleep at bedtime.
  2. Make the sleep environment conductive to sleep.
  3. Ensure that you will have no interruptions during your extended period of sleep.
  4. Satisfy any other physiological needs before trying to sleep.
  5. Avoid alcohol and caffeine prior to sleep. Avoid caffeine 6 hours before bedtime.
  6. Consider relaxation techniques such as mediation and yoga.
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52
Q

Rest apart from sleep can be provided in the form of:
A. Breaks
B. Changes in activities
C. All of the above
D. None of the above

A

C. All of the above

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53
Q

How can you maintain performance using your sleep habits?
A. Get sufficient sleep
B. Make you sleep long periods
C. Take strategic naps
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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54
Q

How can you maintain performance using regular routines? (4 things)

A
  1. Exercise regularly
  2. Eat regularly
  3. Develop and maintain good sleep habits and routines
  4. Take breaks when scheduled breaks are assigned
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55
Q

What is the most powerful means of relieving fatigue?
A. Taking strategic naps
B. Taking extended breaks
C. Getting proper sleep
D. All of the above

A

C. Getting proper sleep

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56
Q

What is a short term way to mitigate the effects of fatigue?
A. An interesting challenge or change in work routine.
B. Bright Lights, cool dry air, music and other irregular sounds.
C. Caffeine
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above. Other ways may be any type of muscular activity, running walking, stretching or chewing gum, conversation and controlled strategic naps.

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57
Q

What is the most effective nap time for strategic napping?
A. 15 mins
B. 20 mins
C. 30 mins
D. 45 mins

A

B. 20 mins

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58
Q

Naps longer than 30 mins have been known to cause what?
A. Insomnia
B. Sleep withdrawal
C. Sleep inertia
D. Diabetes

A

C. Sleep inertia, where situational awareness is impaired (grogginess and/or disorientation for up to 20 min after waking.

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59
Q

What can fatigue effect?
A. Your mind
B. Your emotions
C. Your body
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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60
Q

This performance impairment of fatigue has signs/symptoms such as:
1. Unable to organize a series of activities
2. Preoccupied with a single task
3. Focuses on a trivial problem, neglecting more important ones
4. Reverts to old but ineffective habits
5. Less vigilant than usual

A

Inability to concentrate

61
Q

This performance impairment of fatigue has signs/symptoms described below:
• Misjudges distance, speed, time, etc.
• Fails to appreciate the gravity of the situation
• Overlooks items that should be included
• Chooses risky options
• Difficulty with simple arithmetic, geometry, etc.
• Fails to remember the sequence of task or task elements
• Difficulty remembering events or procedures

A

Diminished decision-making ability

62
Q

This performance impairment of fatigue has signs/symptoms described below:
• Fails to remember the sequence of task or task elements
• Difficulty remembering events or procedures
• Forgets to complete a task or part of a task

A

Poor Memory

63
Q

True or false: Slow response time is a sign and symptom of fatigue.

A

True

64
Q

This performance impairment of fatigue has signs/symptoms described below:

• May appear to be drunk
• Inability to stay awake
• Affected speech e.g. it may be slurred, slowed or garbled
• Feeling heaviness in the arms and legs
• Decreased ability to exert force while lifting, pushing or pulling
• Increased frequency of dropping objects like tools or parts

A

Loss of control of bodily movements

65
Q

This performance impairment of fatigue has signs/symptoms described below:

• Quieter, less talkative than usual
• Unusually irritable
• Increased intolerance and anti-social behavior
• Depression

A

Mood Change

66
Q

This performance impairment of fatigue has signs/symptoms described below:
• Fails to anticipate danger
• Fails to observe and obey warning signs
• Seems unaware of own poor performance
• Too willing to take risks
• Ignores normal checks and procedures
• Displays a “don’t care” attitude
• Weakness in drive or dislike for work

A

Attitude change

67
Q

These are changes that will manifest in physical discomfort and are associated with fatigue.

A

• Headaches
• Giddiness
• Heart palpitations / irregular heart beats
• Rapid breathing
• Loss of appetite
• Insomnia
• Sudden sweating fits
• Leg pains or cramps
• Digestion problems

68
Q

Which of the below can be done to mitigate fatigue in the crew?
A. Use rested personnel to cover for those just traveling to work.
B. Creating an open communication environment
C. Scheduling drills in a manner that minimizes the disturbance of rest/sleep hours.
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

69
Q

Which of the below can be done to mitigate fatigue in the crew?
A. Ensuring compliance with maritime regulations
B. Establishing onboard management techniques when scheduling shipboard work and rest periods and using watch keeping practices and assignment of duties in a more efficient manner.
C. Schedule a voyage only during the calm times of the year.
D. A and B only

A

D. A and B only

70
Q

Which of the below can be done to mitigate fatigue in the crew?
A. Assigning work by mixing up tasks to break up monotony and combining work that requires high physical or mental demand.
B. Scheduling potential hazardous tasks for daytime hours.
C. Emphasizing the relationship between work and rest periods to ensure that adequate rest is received.
D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above.

71
Q

Which of the below can be done to mitigate fatigue in the crew?
A. Ensuring that shipboard conditions within the crews ability to influence, are maintained in a good state and on schedule.
B. Establishing shipboard practices for dealing with fatigue incidents and learning from the past.
C. Increasing awareness of the long term health care of appropriate lifestyle behavior.
D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above

72
Q

Who is responsible for the development, acceptance, implementation and enforcement of national and international legislation that deals with various fatigue aspects?
A. The Uscg only
B. Immigration and border patrol
C. The individual flag administration
D. OSHA

A

C. The individual flag administration

73
Q

Which of the following international organizations have issued various conventions and other instruments that deal with the fatigue aspects:
A. International Labor Organization
B. International Maritime Organization
C. Occupational Health and Safety Administration
D. A and B only.

A

D. A and B only
ILO: Convention concerning seafarers Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships - ILO Convention No. 180
International Maritime Organisation: international Convention on Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 as amended in 1995 Seafarer’s Training, Certification and Watchkeeping Code (STCW Code) Parts A and B, International Safety Management Code (ISM Code)

74
Q

What can be done by the master to reduce crew fatigue onboard ship?
A. Impressing upon shore management the importance of and benefits of addressing fatigue management and countermeasures in the context of the company’s Safety Management System.
B. Impressing upon shore management the importance of the constant interaction between them and the ship management wit the respect to fatigue awareness and prevention measures.
C. Creating an open communication environment by making it clear to the crew members that it is important to inform supervisors when fatigue is impairing their performance.
D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above.

75
Q

What can be done by the master to reduce crew fatigue onboard ship?
A. Emphasizing to shore management the importance of selecting seafarers with the right training and experience for the job.
B. Improving shipboard conditions to ensure that when there is an opportunity to sleep, crew members can take advantage of it without interruptions.
C. Advocating to shore management that shipboard personnel should be provided with training and support so they may recognize and deal with the effects of fatigue.
D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above.

76
Q

How does the ISM Code provide guidance on fatigue related aspects?
A. Providing guidance for the manning of ships with qualified and medically fit personnel
B. Providing guidance for the familiarization and training for shipboard personnel
C. Providing guidance for issuance of necessary support to ensure that the shipmaster’s duties can be adequately performed.
D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above.

77
Q

True or False: The STCW Convention requires that Administrations, for the purpose of preventing fatigue, establish and enforce rest period requirements for all personnel.

A

False, these requirements are for watchkeeping personnel.

78
Q

This Resolution provides a general description of fatigue and identifies the factors of ship operations which may contribute to fatigue.
A. Resolution B.772(18)
B. Resolution A.772(18)
C. Resolution C. 772(18)
D. Resolution D. 772(18)

A

B. Resolution A.772(18)

79
Q

True or False: Despite the amount of time spent working nights, work at night is likely to be more fatiguing and an individual is less likely to be able to accurate restful sleep during the daytime period when they are off watch.

A

True

80
Q

Study’s have shown that sustained wakefulness of 18 hours was comparable to having a blood alcohol concentration of _____.
A. .01%
B. .05%
C. .1%
D. .15%

A

B. .05%

81
Q

Study’s have shown that sustained wakefulness of 18 hours was comparable to having a blood alcohol concentration of _____.
A. .01%
B. .05%
C. .1%
D. .15%

A

C. .1%

82
Q

What is a factor or factors in the level of fatigue experienced in a given period?
A. The time of day when work was started and completed
B. The amount and timing of rest over the previous seven days
C. The activities undertaken during the period of work and the environment in which the work was carried out
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

83
Q

True or False: Rest should not be substituted for a different form of work.

A

True.

84
Q

What is the importance of adopting a fatigue management system?

A

It should be tailored to the individual enterprise

A fatigue management system helps in addressing specific challenges faced by different organizations.

85
Q

What does the ISM Code provide guidance on?

A

Operational procedures on board

The ISM Code stands for the International Safety Management Code, which emphasizes safety and environmental protection.

86
Q

Why is it important for joining crews to be adequately rested?

A

To ensure they can effectively assume their duties

Adequate rest is crucial for maintaining alertness and performance.

87
Q

What should be scheduled to ensure effective crew changes?

A

Time for proper hand over

Proper handover helps in maintaining continuity and safety during transitions.

88
Q

What factors should be considered in fatigue management policies?

A
  • Voyage length
  • Time in port
  • Length of service
  • Leave ratios

These factors influence crew fatigue levels and operational efficiency.

89
Q

What multicultural issues might affect fatigue management?

A
  • Language barriers
  • Social isolation
  • Cultural differences
  • Religious isolation

These issues can lead to misunderstandings and affect crew cohesion.

90
Q

What interpersonal factors can contribute to fatigue among crew members?

A
  • Stress
  • Loneliness
  • Boredom
  • Social deprivation
  • Increased workload

Small crew numbers can exacerbate these interpersonal issues.

91
Q

What provisions can help mitigate fatigue on board?

A
  • Shore leave
  • Onboard recreation
  • Family communication

These provisions help improve mental well-being and reduce fatigue.

92
Q

What is essential for proper nutrition on board?

A

Adequate quality and quantity of food

Proper nutrition is vital for maintaining energy levels and overall health.

93
Q

What should be modified to enhance fatigue management?

A

Present ship design or future designs

Design modifications can improve crew comfort and operational efficiency.

94
Q

An effective fatigue management system requires ______________.
A. Sleep
B. Enthusiasm
C. The attention of crew
D. Training

A

D. Training. Implications of being fatigued should be part of the education process.

95
Q

STCW 78/95 and ILO 180 relates to?
A. The manning of ships
B. Regulations on preventing fatigue amongst seafarers
C. Regulations on preventing stress amongst seafarers
D. All of the above

A

C. Regulations on preventing fatigue amongst seafarers

96
Q

True or False: Ensuring that those onboard are fit to undertake their duty is relevant to the maintenance of the ship in this context as it has an effect upon the seaworthiness of the ship.

A

True

97
Q

Fatigue can arise from:
A. Sleep-deprivation
B. Mental exhaustion
C. Boredom
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

98
Q

True or False: The discipline of ergonomics is founded on the belief that good design supports human performance and is not limited to aesthetic qualities.

A

True

99
Q

What do Ergonomically designed work systems enhance?
A. Safety
B. Effectiveness
C. Efficiency
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

100
Q

What is defined below:
This produces and integrates knowledge from the human sciences to match jobs, systems, products and environments to the physical and mental abilities and limitations of people. In doing so improve health, safety , well-being and performance.

A

Ergonomics

101
Q

Which seakeeping qualities of the ship effect fatigue?
A. Lighting
B. Temperature
C. Ventilation
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

102
Q

True or False: Crew accommodation is usually located in a far from ideal location and built around the operation of the ship.

A

True

103
Q

What part of the pilot’s work environment make them susceptible to fatigue?
A. Irregular and lengthy work hours
B. Working at night
C. Unpredictable duty rosters
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

104
Q

What is the primary cause of acute and cumulative fatigue in Maritime Pilotage?

A

Disruption to the circadian rhythm due to 24-hour operation and accumulation of sleep debt

Fatigue in this context can significantly impact performance and safety.

105
Q

What are the two categories of fatigue?

A
  • Work Related
  • Non-Work Related

Each category can influence performance in different ways.

106
Q

What physiological response was observed in pilots during pilotage services according to an Australian study?

A

High levels of adrenaline and pulse rates increased to over 160

This physiological stress can contribute to cumulative fatigue.

107
Q

How long can it take for adrenaline levels to return to normal after providing pilotage services?

A

Up to two days

This recovery time is crucial for ensuring pilot readiness.

108
Q

What factors contribute to cumulative fatigue in Maritime Pilotage?

A
  • Workload
  • Time of day for pilotage act
  • Duration of work periods
  • Length of breaks
  • Frequency of duty rosters
  • Boarding ships with unfamiliar layout

Each of these factors can add to the stress and fatigue experienced by pilots.

109
Q

Fill in the blank: Fatigue can be caused by both work-related and _______ factors.

A

Non-Work Related

110
Q

True or False: The time of day at which the pilotage act is performed does not affect fatigue levels.

A

False

The time of day is a significant factor in fatigue management.

111
Q

What are some non-work related causes of fatigue?

A

Disruption within family or social life, financial difficulties, domestic responsibilities, age, and medical fitness

Age-related changes can lead to a decline in human performance.

112
Q

How does age contribute to fatigue?

A

Need for less sleep, hypertension, loss or deterioration of visual perception, poorer physical condition, and increased need for medication

These factors may lead to a decline in human performance.

113
Q

Name some medical conditions that can affect work performance.

A

Sleep apnea, narcolepsy, insomnia

These conditions are not always obvious but can significantly impact performance.

114
Q

How does fatigue affect pilotage performance?

A

Decreases concentration, skill levels, and overall performance, potentially leading to catastrophe

Pilot error caused by fatigue can endanger the ship, crew, port, and environment.

115
Q

List some recognizable symptoms of fatigue in pilots.

A
  • Stress
  • Mood swings
  • Headaches
  • Gastro-intestinal problems

These symptoms can impact a pilot’s performance and decision-making.

116
Q

Fill in the blank: Fatigue can affect a pilot’s ability to _______.

A

think clearly, concentrate, focus attention, assess risky situations, act quickly.

117
Q

True or False: Fatigue has no impact on a pilot’s ability to assess risky situations.

A

False

Fatigue significantly impacts a pilot’s ability to assess risky situations.

118
Q

What is one of the most alarming consequences of fatigue that can last a few seconds to a couple of minutes?

A

Micro sleep

119
Q

Clear and open lines of communication must be established between the maritime pilot and _________ concerning fatigue.

A

Those whom employ the Pilot’s Services and responsible for scheduling.

120
Q

The relevant authority and pilots should recognize that high-risk operations within the pilotage area are particularly hazardous when undertaken during _________ especially one that naturally occurs between 0300 - 0600.

A

Circadian Dip

121
Q

A pilot should not begin a work period with a sleep debt or an accumulative sleep debt. In most cases ______ consecutive nights of recovery sleep will recuperate a pilot of sleep debt.

A

Two

122
Q

A strategic nap of no more than _____ minutes will aid to rejuvenation of a sleep debt.

A

30 minutes

123
Q

True or False: Reporting incidents and/or accidents that involve near misses, personal injury or damage to equipment can assist the understanding of fatigue within the pilotage workforce and contribute to finding ways to deal with the issues associated with fatigue.

A

True

124
Q

How can fatigue affect you physically? (list of 16 items in Answer)

A

Inability to stay awake ( an example is head nodding or falling asleep against your will)
• Difficulty with hand-eye coordination skills (e.g., switch selection)
• Speech difficulties (it may be slurred, slowed or garbled)
• Heaviness in the arms and legs or sluggish feeling
• Decreased ability to exert force while lifting, pushing or pulling
• Increased frequency of dropping objects like tools or parts
• Non-specific physical discomfort
•Headaches
*Giddiness
• Heart palpitations / irregular heard beats
• Rapid breathing
• Loss of appetite
• Insomnia
• Sudden sweating fits
Leg pains or cramps
Digestion problems

125
Q

How can fatigue affect you emotionally? (List of 5 things in Answer)

A

B. Emotionally
• Increased willingness to take risks
• Increased intolerance and anti-social behavior
• Needless worry
• Reduced motivation to work well
• Increased mood changes (e.g., irritability, tiredness and depression)

126
Q

How can fatigue affect you mentally? (List of 6 things in answer)

A

C. Mentally
• Poor judgement of distance, speed, time, etc.
• Inaccurate interpretation of a situation (e.g., focusing on a simple problem or failing to anticipate the gravity of the situation or failing to anticipate danger)
• Slow or no response to normal, abnormal or emergency situations
• Reduced attention span
• Difficulty concentrating and thinking clearly
• Decrease in ability to pay attention

127
Q

This means a minister, government department or other authority having power to issue regulations, orders or other instructions having the force of law in respect of seafarers hours of work or rest or the manning of ships.
A. Overriding Authority
B. Official Authority
C. Government Authority
D. Competent Authority

A

D. Competent Authority

128
Q

This means time during which a seafarer is required to do work.

A

Hours of work

129
Q

This means time outside of hours of work this term does not include short breaks.

A

Hours of rest

130
Q

Under the Seafarers’ Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996 (No. 180) what amount of hours shall not be exceeded of work in a 24 hour period and in a seven day period?

A

14 hours
72 hours in any seven day period

131
Q

Under the Seafarers’ Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996 (No. 180), the minimum hours of rest shall not be less than in 24 hours and in a seven day period?

A

10 hours in 24 hours
77 hours in a seven day period

132
Q

Under the Seafarers’ Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996 (No. 180), hours of rest may be divided into no more than two periods one which shall be at least ______ hours in length and the interval between consecutive periods of rest shall not exceed ______ hours.

A
  1. 6 hours
  2. 14 hours
133
Q

True or False. In respect of situations when a seafarer is on call the seafarer shall have adequate compensatory rest period if the normal period of rest is disturbed by call-outs to work.

A

True

134
Q

True or False: Under the Seafarers’ Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996 (No. 180) no seafarer under the age of 18 shall work at night.

A

True

135
Q

Under the Seafarers’ Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996 (No. 180) when can the Captain suspend rest hours.
A. When ever he/she feels necessary
B. When the immediate safety of the ship is in jeopardy
C. For drills or mandatory training
D. All of the above

A

B. When the immediate safety of the ship is in jeopardy

136
Q

When should the Captain restore scheduled rest period with an adequate period of rest.

A

As soon as is practical after the situation has been restored.

137
Q

What is required of a copy of the relevant provisions of the national legislation pertaining to the Seafarers’ Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996 (No. 180) and the relevant collective agreements?
A. They must be known by the master
B. All crew members must be provided a copy
C. They must be easily accessible to the crew
D. Their are no requirements

A

C. They must be easily accessible to the crew

138
Q

Under the Seafarers’ Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996 (No. 180) Who must take all necessary steps to ensure that the requirements on seafarers’ hours of work and rest arising from this convention are complied with.

A

The Master

139
Q

According to the ISM code the company should ensure that the master is:
A. Properly qualified for command
B. Fully conversant with the Company’s SMS
C. Given the necessary support so that the master’s duties can be safely performed
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

140
Q

Who should ensure that each ship is manned with qualified, certificates and medically fit seafarers, that the crew understands the relevenant rules, regulations, codes and guidelines of SMS, establish and maintain procedures for identifying any training which may be required, and should ensure that the crew are able to communicate effectively in the execution of their duties related to the SMS.
A. The Master
B. The Company
C. The Officers
D. The competent authority

A

B. The Company

141
Q

According to STCW 78/95, All persons who are assigned duty as officer in charge of a watch or as a rating forming part of a watch shall be provided a minimum of ______ hours in a 24 hour period of rest. These hours may be divided into two one of which shall be at least _____ hours. The minimum period above may be reduced to not less than _____ consecutive hours provided that such a reduction shall not extend beyond _____ days and not less than 70 hours of rest are provided each seven day period.

A
  1. 10
  2. 6
  3. 6
  4. 2
142
Q

According to STCW 78/95 requirements the requirements of rest periods need not be maintained in the case of:
A. Emergency
B. Drill
C. Overriding operational conditions
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

143
Q

True or False Administrations shall require that watch schedules be posted where they are easily accessible.

A

True

144
Q

Only essential shipboard work which cannot be delayed for safety or environmental reasons or which could not reasonably have been anticipated at the commencement of the voyage is __________.

A

Overriding Operational Conditions

145
Q

True or False: Boredom can contribute to fatigue and it is therefore necessary to provide seafarers with appropriate stimulation.

A

True

146
Q

Navigational and Safety Communications from ship to shore and vice versa, from ship to ship and onboard ship must be ___________, _____________ and ____________ so as to avoid confusion and error.
A. Precise, simple and unambiguous
B. Detailed, complicated and ambiguous
C. Quick, simple and unambiguous
D. None of the above.

A

A. Precise, simple and unambiguous

147
Q

The Maritime Committee agreed that a common language should be used and that should be ________.

A

English

148
Q

Under the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers 78/95 the requirements for SMCP is required for the certification of officers in charge of a navigational watch on ships of _______ gross tonnage or more.
A. 300
B. 500
C.1600
D. 10,000

A

B. 500

Washington / SEAPA Pilots (14 decks)

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