Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Haematology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the life span of a mature erythrocyte?

A

90 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What system removes old and damged red blood cells?

A

Reticuloendothelial system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the mature erythrocyte?

A

Contains haemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

Connective tissues and mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do the granules of mast cells contain?

A

Histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

Important role in allergy
Main cell targets are parasites
Activated by cross-linking of IgE antibodies bound to their FC receptors
Activation results in mast cell degranulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is basophil found?

A

Bone marrow and circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Main cell targets are parasites
Activated by cross-linking of IgE antibodies that they have bound to their FC receptors
Activation results in basophil cell degranulation
Also capable of phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

First cells to migrate to the site of the infection
Main cell targets are extracellular pathogens like bacteria and fungi
Phagocytosis
Degranulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the life span of basophils?

A

Hours to days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the life span of neutrophils?

A

A few days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of eosinophil?

A

Targets multicellular parasites too big for phagocytosis

Important role in allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the life apn of eosinophils?

A

8-12 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of a monocyte?

A

Migrates to tissues, where they become macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation
Capable of phagocytosis
Possess large quantities of hydrolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the life span of a monocyte?

A

˜ 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When do the specialised cells of the immune system originate and develop in the bone marrow?

A

During haematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What cell do the specialised cells of the immune system originate from?

A

A common progenitor cell => haematopoietic stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the haematopoietic stem cell divide into?

A

Common myeloid progenitor

Common lymphoid progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does a monocyte divide into?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis
Professional antigen presenting cell - antigen presentation to CD4+ Th cells
Cytokine release: TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

TNF-alpha

A

Tumour necrosis factor alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the life span of macrophages?

A

Months to years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Professional antigen presenting cell
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells via MHC II
Cytokine secretion: TNF alpha, IL-12, IL-23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells

A

Activated by IFN and macrophage derived cytokines

Activated by abnormal MHC I signals - e.g. by cancerous cells or virally infected cells - to cause apoptosis of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does a small lymphocyte divide into?

A

T and B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which type of immunity shows immunilogical memory?

A

Adaptive

Innate immunity shows no immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do nucleated cells display self-markers to reassure the immune system and prevent unnecessary reactions?

A

Via a cell membrane protein called the Major Histocompatibility Complex I (or MHC I)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

HLA

A

Human leukocyte antigen, or MHC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is haematopoesis and where does it occur?

A

The development of mature blood cells from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow and foetal liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins produced by many different cells that mediate inflammatory and immune reactions. Act as the principle mediators of communication between immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where are MHC I molecules found?

A

On the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where are class II MHC molecules found?

A

Only on professional antigen presenting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the function of class II MHC molecules?

A

Present exogenous, or extracellular antigens from pathogenic invaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Examples of professional antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are professional antigen presenting cells responsible for?

A

Bringing antigens to the attention of T lymphocytes via class II MHC molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why are antigen presenting cells necessary?

A

T lymphocytes are unable to recognise and react to free floating antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How can immunological tolerance be classified?

A

Central or peripheral - depending on where the state of tolerance is initiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where is central tolerance developed?

A

Within primary lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where do T lymphocytes develop central tolerance?

A

Within the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where do B lymphocytes develop central tolerance?

A

Within the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where is peripheral tolerance created?

A

Within secondary lymphoid organs, containing mature immune cells that have already been released into the circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are some physical or chemical barriers that help prevent the human body from pathogen invasion?

A

Lysozyme in tears, saliva and sweat
Mucociliary escalator
Intact skin surface with sebum to lower pH
Intact mucosal membranes
Acidic pH of stomach
Rapid pH change in duodenum and alkaline pH in jejunum and ileum
Normal flora in bowel and vagina and on skin surface
Flushing of urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is Sjogrens syndrome associated with?

A

Loss of tear production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What can a B lymphocyte become?

A

Plasma cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which cells are capable of phagocytosis?

A

Macropage
Basophil
Neutrophil
Monocyte

48
Q

Which cells are not capable of phagocytosis?

A

Eosinophils

49
Q

Which cell types are vital for targeting parasites or organisms too large for phagocytosis?

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophils

50
Q

Which immune system is characterised by the use of immunological memory?

A

Adaptive

51
Q

What is the purpose of immunological memory?

A

Faster responses can be developed if the same antigen is encountered again

52
Q

What are the two types of responses which form the adaptive immune system?

A

Cell-mediated response

Humoral response

53
Q

What mainly controls cell mediated response?

A

T-lymphocytes

54
Q

What mainly controls humoral response?

A

Antibodies formed by B lymphocytes

55
Q

What can T lymphocytes be subdivided into?

A

CD4+ T helper lymphocytes

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes

56
Q

What can B lymphocytes mature into?

A

Plasma cells

Memory B cells

57
Q

What are plasma cells responsible for?

A

Antibody production

58
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

A

In the bone marrow

59
Q

Where do T lyphocytes mature?

A

In the thymus gland

60
Q

TCR

A

T cell receptor

61
Q

Where is TCR found?

A

On T lymphocytes

62
Q

What is V(D)J recombination?

A

A process of genetic changes that creates a diverse selection of antigen binding sites within T cell receptors on naïve T lymphocytes

63
Q

Why is V(D)J recombination helpful?

A

When T lymphocytes are released from the thymus and encounter an antigen, there will be more chance that the antigen will be recognised by one of the TCR binding sites that have been developed

64
Q

How are mature B cells activated?

A

Through binding to the antigen of a pathogen or T helper cell

65
Q

What is thymopoiesis?

A

The process in the thymus by which thymocytes differentiate into mature T lymphocytes

66
Q

What is the primary function of thymocytes?

A

The generation of T lymphocytes

67
Q

What processes do thymocytes have to go through in order to be released from the thymus as naïve CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes?

A

Positive and negative selection

68
Q

What does positive selection involve?

A

Selecting T lymphocytes with T cell receptors capable of interacting appropriately with host MHC molecules

69
Q

What happens if the double positive thymocytes are able to interact with the MHC?

A

They survive and continue to negative selection

70
Q

What happens if the double positive thymocytes are unable to interact with the MHC?

A

They are destroyed by apoptosis

71
Q

What does negative selection involve?

A

Identifying thymocytes that interact too strongly with self antigens within the thymus

72
Q

What happens to thymocytes that react too strongly with self antigens in the thymus during negative selection?

A

They are destroyed by apoptosis

73
Q

What happens to thymocytes that survive both positive and negative selection?

A

They differentiate into single-positive T cells (either CD4+ or CD8+) depending on whether their TCR recognises an MHC class I-presented antigen or an MHC class II-presented antigen

74
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence?

A 
Physical barrier
   -skin
   -mucous membranes
Chemical barrier
   -acid in stomach
   - enzymes in saliva and lacrimal eye fluid
   -defensins in skin
75
Q

What are the first cells at the site of an infection?

A

Phagocytes - nuetrophils and macrophages

NK cells

76
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Release of neutrophils from bone marrow into the blood stream

77
Q

What do mast cells do in the event of injury?

A

Release histamine which causes vasodilation at the site of injury

78
Q

What are the main differences between the adaptive and innate immune systems?

A 
Immunological memory
Systemic response (adaptive)
Specific response (adaptive)
79
Q

What is the humoral reponse?

A

Allows the body to achieve immunity by encountering pathogens randomly or on purpose

80
Q

How does the humoral response work?

A

Dispatches antibodies to blood and lymph

81
Q

What is an antigen?

A

An invader from outside such as a bacterium, virus or fungus, or a toxin/diseased cell from within
Large signalling molecules not normally found in the body

82
Q

What is required of a B cell before it can be mature?

A

Immunocompetence

Self-tolerance

83
Q

Immunocompetence

A

How to recognise and bind to a particular antigen

84
Q

Self-tolerance

A

Knowing not to attack your body’s own cells

85
Q

What happens to a naive B cell when it is activated by an antigen?

A

Divides into an “army” of cells with the same antibody

Some become effector B cells,or plasma cells, to fight the antigen, others become memory cells

86
Q

Why do T cells require professional antigen presenting cells?

A

They cannot recognise whole antigens

87
Q

What are professional antigen presenting cells?

A

Display class II MHC on their surface

88
Q

Which cells display MHC class I?

A

All nucleated cells (ie not RBCs), if functioning normally

89
Q

What are the types of professional antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
B cells

90
Q

Which class of MHC binds to fragments of exogenous antigens?

A

Class II

91
Q

What are the types of T cell?

A 
Helper
Cytotoxic
Memory
Suppressor
Natural killer
92
Q

What are CD8+ T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells (once primed by antigen-presenting cells)

93
Q

What is the function of a cytotoxic T cell?

A

Recognizing and destroying virally infected host cells, host cells that have become malignant, or any other host-cells showing signs of damage via their MHC I expression

94
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill a cell?

A

Release IFN and TNF-α, which have direct anti-viral and anti-tumour effects
Release cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzyme proteins in the direction of target cells
Induce apoptosis via Fas and FasL interactions with the target cell

95
Q

Perforin

A

Produces a pore in the target cell membrane allowing the entry of granzyme enzymes

96
Q

Granzymes

A

Proteases that trigger the caspase cascade, which eventually leads to apoptosis of the target cell

97
Q

Fas and FasL interactions

A

Activated Tc cell will express FasL on its cell surface. This then binds to the Fas receptor on its target cell. The binding of FasL with Fas results in down-stream effects within the target cell that triggers the caspase cascade, and causes apoptosis

98
Q

What are CD4+ T cells?

A

Helper T cells

99
Q

What is the function of helper T cells?

A

Help activate other immune cells by releasing T cell cytokines to either stimulate or regulate the immune response (cytotoxic T cells)
Responsible for B lymphocyte antibody class-switching
Responsible for activation and growth of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Maximize the activity of phagocytes

100
Q

What is the function of regulatory T cells?

A

Responsible for suppressing the activation, proliferation and cytokine production of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes
Control the response to self-antigens, and in this way monitor the process of self-tolerance

101
Q

Which lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity?

A

B lymphocytes

102
Q

What is the significance of IgM?

A

Largest antibodies and form an important part of the primary antibody response to an antigen. As a result of their size and increased number of binding sites, they are much more efficient at activating complement

103
Q

What is the significance of IgA?

A

Dimeric and present within secretions such as tears and breast milk

104
Q

What is the significance of IgG?

A

Form the main component of the secondary antibody immune response to an antigen, and are the only isotype of antibody able to cross the placenta

105
Q

What is the significance of IgE?

A

Form part of the immune response to parasites, however they are also involved in the pathogenesis of allergic reactions

106
Q

Which is the only antibody able to cross the placenta?

A

IgG

107
Q

Opsonins

A

A molecule that becomes attached to the surface of a microbe to increase the efficiency of phagocytosis
Opsonins can be recognized by surface receptors on neutrophils and macrophages

108
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

The process of attaching opsonins, such as IgG or complement proteins, to the surface of pathogens to target them for phagocytosis

109
Q

Complement

A

A cascade of proteolytic enzymes that interact with one another and with other molecules in the immune system to generate (for example) inflammatory mediators and opsonins. The common endpoint of the complement cascade is the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)

110
Q

Chemotaxis

A

The movement of a cell directed by a chemical concentration gradient created by chemokine release

111
Q

Chemokines

A

A large family of structurally homologous, low molecular weight cytokines that stimulate leukocyte movement

112
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

A

Receptors that recognise PAMPs and DAMPs, and thereby activate innate immune responses

113
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

114
Q

DAMPs

A

Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

115
Q

Which antibody is found in the highest concentration in primary infections?

A

IgM

116
Q

Which antibody is found in the highest concentration in secondary infections?

A

IgG

117
Q

Changes in which portion of the antibody produces a change in isotype?

A

Heavy chain

Haematology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions