Haematological Malignancy Flashcards
Pathogenesis of haematological malignancy
Acquired genetic alterations in a long lived cell
Proliferative/survival advantage to that mutated cell
This produces the malignant clone
The malignant clone grows to dominate the tissue
Which cells are affected by myeloproliferative disorders?
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Platelets Red cells
Which cells are involved in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)?
Lymphoid progenitor
Which cells are involved in chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia?
B lymphocytes
Which cells are involved in lymphomas?
T lymphocytes
Which cells are involved in multiple myeloma?
Plasma cells
Where does leukaemia typically originate?
Bone marrow
Where does leukaemia typically originate?
Lymphoid tissue
Do leukaemic cells differentiate in acute or chronic leukaemia?
Chronic
Does bone marrow failure occur in acute or chronic leukaemia?
Acute
Where do B cells reside in the lymph node?
Follicles
Where do T cells reside in the lymph node?
Paracortex
Where do plasma cells reside in the lymph node?
Medulla
Localised and painful causes of lymphadenopathy
Bacterial infection in the drainage site
Localised and painless causes of lymphadenopathy
Rare infections, catch scratch fever, TB
Metastatic carcinoma from draining site- hard
Lymphoma-rubbery
Reactive, no cause identified
Generalised and painful causes of lymphadenopathy
Viral infections, EBV, CMV, hepatitis, HIV
Generalised and painless causes of lymph adenopathy
Lymphoma Leukaemia Connective tissue diseases, sarcoidosis Reactive, no cause identified Drugs
Presentation of lymphoma
Nodal disease - 90% HL, 60% NHL
Extranodal disease
Systemic symptoms
Systemic symptoms associated with lymphoma
Fever Drenching sweats Weight loss Pruritis Fatigue
Main groups of haematological malignancies
Acute Leukaemias Chronic Leukaemias Malignant lymphomas Multiple myeloma Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) Chronic myeloprolifertive diseases (biologically malignant)
Acute leukaemias
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)
Chronic leukaemias
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
Malignant lymphomas
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)
What is the most common cancer of childhood?
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Which cells are granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Clinical features of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Raised white count over a period of time, occasionally a mass but otherwise well
