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Haematology > Clinical Haematology > Flashcards

Clinical Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
Red blood cells

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2
Q

What is contained within the plasma?

A

Clotting or coagulation factors
Albumin
Antibodies

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3
Q

What is contained within the buffy coat?

A

Platelets

White cells or leucocytes

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4
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transport
Maintenance of vascular integrity
Protection from pathogens

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5
Q

How are leaks prevented?

A

Platelets and clotting factors

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6
Q

How are blockages prevented?

A

Anticoagulants and fibrinolytics

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7
Q

Where is bone marrow in children?

A

In most bones

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8
Q

Where is bone marrow in the elderly?

A

In axial bones

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9
Q

What is the reticulocyte count?

A

A measure of red cell production

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10
Q

Where is erythropoietin made?

A

In the kidney

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11
Q

When is erythropoietin made?

A

In response to hypoxia

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12
Q

What are the consequences of anaemia?

A

Poor gas transfer - dyspnoea, fatigue

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13
Q

What is a haematinic?

A

A nutrient required for the formation of blood cells in the process of haematopoiesis

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14
Q

What is haematopoeisis?

A

Formation of blood cellular components

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15
Q

Haematinics

A

Iron
B12
Folate

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16
Q

What is thalassaemia?

A

A group of congenital condition where people produce either no or too little haemoglobin

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17
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

Rupture or destruction of red blood cells

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18
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

To ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria and fungi

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19
Q

Lifespan of neutrophils

A

1-2 days

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20
Q

Speed of response of neutrophils

A

A few hours

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21
Q

Causes of neutropenia

A

Decreased production
Increased consumption
Altered function

22
Q

Causes of decreased production of neutrophils

A

Drugs

Marrow failure

23
Q

Causes of increased consumption of neutrophils

A

Sepsis

Autoimmune

24
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

To ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria and fungi

25
Q

What are monocytes in the kidney?

A

Intraglomerular mesangial cells

26
Q

What are monocytes in the brain?

A

Microglia

27
Q

What are monocytes in the skin?

A

Langerhans’ cells

28
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Parasites

Allergy

29
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Increased number of lymphocytes

30
Q

Causes of lymphocytosis

A

Infectious mononucleosis

Pertussis

31
Q

Causes of lymphopenia

A

Usually post viral

Lymphoma

32
Q

Lymphocyte subtypes

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells

33
Q

B cells

A

Bursa cells

Make antibodies

34
Q

T cells

A

Thymus cells

Helper, cytotoxic, regulatory

35
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

In bone marrow

36
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

37
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

38
Q

What varies between different Ig types

A

Heavy chain

39
Q

What is felty syndrome?

A

Severe form of rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by a triad of RA, splenomegaly and neutropenia

40
Q

Hepatic disease effect on blood

A

Anaemia

Deficient clotting factors

41
Q

Renal disease effect on blood

A

Anaemia

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

42
Q

Cardiovascular disease effect on blood

A

Anaemia

43
Q

Respiratory disease effect on blood

A

Polycythaemia

44
Q

GI disease effect on blood

A

Anaemia

45
Q

What happens when there is too much plasma in the blood?

A

Paraproteins

46
Q

Haematological diagnostic tools

A 
Full blood count
Clotting times for clotting factors
Bleeding time for platelets
Chemical assays (iron, B12, folate)
Marrow aspirate
Lymph node biopsy
Imaging
47
Q

Haematology treatments

A

Replacement
Transplantation
Drugs

48
Q

What part of the blood has undergone clotting and does not contain clotting factors? (Plasma/serum)

A

Serum

49
Q

What part of the blood has not undergone clotting and contains clotting factors? (Plasma/serum)

A

Plasma

50
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

Red blood cell

51
Q

What are the white blood cells?

A 
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
52
Q

What are myeloid cells?

A 
Erythrocyte
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil

Haematology (18 decks)

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