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Resp - mine > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what cells are involved in memory

A

CD4+ T cells, memory B cells, long lived plasma calls

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2
Q

what is acute vaccination

A

protection provided by the persons OWN immune system

can stimulated by vaccination or naturally acquired infection

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3
Q

what is passive vaccination

A

protection transferred from another person or animal

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4
Q

what are sources of passive immunity

A

breast milk

via the placenta

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5
Q

what are the hallmarks of immunodeficiency

A

SPUR

serious infections
Persistent infections
Unusual infections
Recurrent infection

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6
Q

give examples of secondary immunodeficiencies

A 
extremes of age
immunosupressive therapy/steroids  
anti-cancer treatment 
cancer 
malnutrition 
renal issues 
diabetes
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7
Q

what is phagocyte deficiency

A

defect in phagocyte production, mobilisation and recruitment

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8
Q

what is the first step in phagocyte production

A

mobilisation of phagocytes and precursors from bone marrow or within tissues

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9
Q

what can go wrong in the 1st step of phagocyte production

A

failure of neutrophil differentiation = failure to produce neutrophils

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10
Q

give examples of neutrophil maturation failure

A

kostmann syndrome

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11
Q

what is Kostmann syndrome

A

rare autosomal recessive disorder which results in severe chronic neutropenia

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12
Q

what is the treatment of Kostmann syndrome

A

stem cell transplant

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13
Q

what is the 2nd step in phagocyte production

A

up regulation of endothelial adhesion markers which allows neutrophil adhesion and migration into tissues

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14
Q

what can go wrong in the 2nd step of phagocyte production

A

failure to express leukocyte adhesion markers = leukocyte adhesion deficiency

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15
Q

what is leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

rare primary immunodeficiency

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16
Q

what is the 3rd step of phagocyte production

A

recognition of the organism

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17
Q

what can go wrong in the 3rd step of phagocyte production

A

antibody or complement deficiency

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18
Q

what is the 4th step of phagocyte production

A

phagocytosis and organism killing

19
Q

what can go wrong in the 4th step of phagocyte production

A

failure of oxidative killing = chronic granulomatous disease

20
Q

what 5 things can wrong in the adaptive immune system

A
  1. failure of lymphocyte precursors
  2. failure of thymic development
  3. failure of expression of HLA molecules
  4. failure of signally, cytokine production and effector functions
  5. failure of normal apoptosis
21
Q

give an example of failure of lymphocyte precursor disease

A

severe combined immunodeficiency

22
Q

what is severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

usually X-linked, mutation in IL-2 receptor which cause low/no T cells

23
Q

what is the treatment of SCID

A

stem cell transplant

24
Q

give an example of thyme development

A

DiGeorge syndrome

25
Q

what is DiGeorge syndrome

A

complex developmental disorder caused by deletion at 22q11 resulting in no/low T cells

26
Q

what are hypersensitivity diseases

A

immune response that results in bystander damage to self

27
Q

how many types of hypersensitivity disease are there

A

4

28
Q

what is type I hypersensitivity disease

A

immediate hypersensitivity

29
Q

what is type II hypersensitivity disease

A

direct cell killing

30
Q

what is type III hypersensitivity disease

A

immune complex mediated

31
Q

what is type IV hypersensitivity disease

A

delayed type hypersensitivity

32
Q

what Ig type is involved in type I

A

IgE

33
Q

examples of type I hypersensitivity disease

A

asthma
hayfever
anaphylaxis

34
Q

examples of type II hypersensitivity disease

A

transfusion reactions
goodpastures
guillan barre
graves disease

35
Q

examples of type III hypersensitivity disease

A

farmers lung, bird fanciers lung etc

SLE

36
Q

examples of type IV hypersensitivity disease

A

type 1 diabetes
psoriasis
sarcoidosis
TB

37
Q

features of type I hypersensitivity disease

A

occurs quickly after exposure to allergen (mins-1/2hrs)

presentation associated by site of contact

38
Q

what is the gold standard for allergic testing, what other tests are available

A

skin pick test

ELISA/RAST
tryptase levels = anaphylaxis

39
Q

features of type II hypersensitivity disease

A

antibody (IgG or IgM) binds to human cell surface antigen

occurs in 12-18hrs after exposure

40
Q

management of type II disease

A

plasmapheresis

immunosuppression

41
Q

what are the features of type III hypersensitivity diseases

A

antibody binds forming small immune complexes which are trapped in small vessels, joint, and glomeruli

42
Q

how are type III hypersensitivity diseases diagnosed

A

test for presence of specific IgG antibodies

43
Q

what are the features of type IV hypersensitivity diseases

A

T cell mediated

delayed

44
Q

what is the role of mast cells in allergic reactions

A

mast cells express receptors for Fc region of IgE and on contact with allergen B cells produce specific IgE antibody. with the residual IgE binding to the mast cells. when the allergen is re-encountered the allergen binds to the IgE coated mast cell and disrupts the membrane which causes release of cytokines, IL, and vasoactive mediators (histamine etc.)

Resp - mine (18 decks)

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