immunology

Question 1

How does a macrophage destroy a pathogen

Answer 1

Phagocytosis. Macrophage engulfs pathogen through digestive enzymes and becomes a APC

Question 2

How does a macrophage interact with T helper cells

Answer 2

T helper cells have specific receptors that attach to macrophage and become “activated T helper cells” and release cytokines to begin to mass produce t helper cells and macrophage

Question 3

What does a B lymphocite receptors attach to

Answer 3

pathogen- becomes APC

Question 4

What does T helper cell release to activate B Cells

Answer 4

chemicals

Question 5

Whats it called when B lymphocites replicate

Answer 5

Clonal expansion

Question 6

What do Plasma Cells do

Answer 6

create identical antibodies that bind to the antigens on pathogens

Question 7

What can b lymphocites differentiate into

Answer 7

plasma cells and B memory cells

Question 8

What is the primary immune response

Answer 8

Plasma cell antibodies- may take days or weeks to develop so symptoms may appear

Question 9

What are memory cells

Answer 9

Involved in secondary immune response and remain in body after primary infection

Question 10

How are memory cells used in the secondary immune resone

Answer 10

Convert to plasma cells when infected a secondary time- faster and destroys pathogen faster so less symptoms

Question 11

What type of virus is HIV

Answer 11

RNA Virus

Question 12

What type of drugs are used for a viral infection

Answer 12

Antiviral

Question 13

What do antiviral drugs do

Answer 13

prevent functions of enzymes for viral RNA to replicate into DNA like reverse transcriptase

Question 14

What is the function of reverse transcriptase

Answer 14

Convert viral RNA to viral DNA

Question 15

What does HIV target

Answer 15

T helper cells

Question 16

How does a virus enter the host cell

Answer 16

Attachment proteins on the virus attach to a molecule on the surface of helper t cells

Question 17

What happens when a virus capsid enters the cell

Answer 17

Viral RNA is converted to Viral DNA through use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase

Question 18

what happens when HIV DNA in the nucleus becomes activated

Answer 18

produces mRNA encoding viral proteins, moves into cytoplasm where it is transcriped by ribosomes into viral proteins the bud from helper T cell

Question 19

Why do the helper T cells die during viral replication

Answer 19

HIV becomes active and leads to the death

Question 20

what can death of helper t cells lead to

Answer 20

AIDS

Question 21

What happens when a person gets AIDS

Answer 21

their immune system can no longer function properly as thry cannot produce antibodies by b lymphocites and cell mediated becomes less effective

Question 22

what is the humoral response

Answer 22

antibodies released by plama cells (B lymphocites)

Question 23

what is the cell mediated response

Answer 23

role of t lymphocites- helper T cells and killer T cells

Question 24

What does a t lymphocite do

Answer 24

Have receptors to recognise “non- self” specific antigens

Question 25

What do cytotoxic t cells do

Answer 25

identify abnormal cells, attach to cell to release toxins that destroy cell membrane

Question 26

What do t regulated cells do

Answer 26

down regulate immune system once pathogen destroyed, make sure body doesnt attack self antigens

Question 27

What do activated T helper cells develop into

Answer 27

T memory cells that can develop into cytotoxic T cells