Immunology 1

Question 1

What are Antigens?

What are some examples?

Answer 1

Anything that causes an immune response

Bacteria, viruses, fungi

Question 2

What are Cytokines

Answer 2

Cell-to-cell communication proteins that control cell development and movement towards a specific part of the body

Question 3

What is an antibody and how do they work?

Answer 3

The body’s response to an antigen

AKA Immunoglobulins

Question 4

Which Interluekins are responsible for fever?

Answer 4

IL 1 & 6

Question 5

What are Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNF)

Answer 5

Activates neutrophils, mediates septic shock and goes after tumors

Question 6

What are Interferons and what are the different subtypes?

Answer 6

Block virus replications.

1. alpha
2. beta
3. gamma

Question 7

What is a Hematopoiesis?

Where does this process take place in and Embro-Fetus vs Birth-Adulthood

Answer 7

The formation of of the cells that make up blood?

Embryo and Fetus - occurs in the liver, spleen and thymus

Birth and Adulthood - occurs in the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

Question 8

What are the characteristics of Innate Immunity

Answer 8

1. Immediate
2. No memory of foreign antigens
3. Response does not increase with repeat exposure

Question 9

What is the first level of protection in Innate Immunity?

Answer 9

PHYSICAL BARRIERS

1. Skin (pH of sweat, protects from invaders
2. Mucous Membranes (tears, saliva, mucus)
3. Commensal bacteria or normal bacteria flora

Question 10

What are Basophils.

What is primary action

Answer 10

1. Granulocyte that matures in the bone marrow and circulates the blood stream
2. Main action is to release histamine and heparin during an allergic and helminth response

Question 11

What is Opsonization and what system does it derive from

Answer 11

Enhancing phagocytosis of antigens by marking them for destruction

Comes from the Compliment system

Question 12

What does Chemotaxix cause and what system does it come from

Answer 12

Derives from Compliment system

Activates macrophages and neutrophils and also induces mast cells and basophils cells to degranulate (release chemicals)

Question 13

What is Lysis and what system is it a part of?

Answer 13

Rupturing pathogen cell membranes via the Membrane Attack Complex

Question 14

What is the secondary level of defense in Innate Immunity?

Answer 14

Granulocytes:

1. Basophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Neutrophils
4. Mast Cells
5. Monocytes (Dendritic and Macrophages)

Question 15

What are the characteristics of a Basophil and what do they do?

Answer 15

• Least common type of Granulocyte
• Primarily found during an Allergic and Helminth responses
• Main action is to release histamine and heparin to cause vasodilation and inflammation

Question 16

When are Eosinophils activated?

What is their primary action

Answer 16

Seen during Allergic and Asthma responses. (reside in GI and Respiratory tracts)

Release H2O2 to kill viruses and parasites