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LBYBI13 > IMMUNOLOGIC AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGIC AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS Flashcards

1
Q

The entry, invasion and multiplication of disease causing organisms (pathogens) in a host’s body in which usually prompts an immune response.

A

Infection

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2
Q

Is the process/practice of determining the nature of a disease or disorder

A

Diagnostics

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3
Q

How is an infection diagnosed?

A
  • Physical examination to check for signs and symptoms
  • Detect the presence pathogen/causative agent via tests/assays/culture methods (direct)
  • Detect the immunologic reaction of our body due to the presence of the pathogen/causative agent (indirect)
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4
Q
  • deals with the response of an organism to antigenic (foreign bodies) challenge
  • its recognition of what is self and what is not.
  • properties of the organism that help it to combat itssusceptibility to foreign organisms, material, etc.
  • Two major parts: innate and adaptive
A

Immunology

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5
Q

The adaptive immunity relies on the specific interaction of

A

antigens and antibodies

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6
Q

specific portions/parts of the pathogen that could elicit an immunologic response.

A

Antigen/Immunogen

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7
Q

In response to the presence of antigens our bodies will make _________ that neutralizes these antigens

A

antibodies

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8
Q

Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by B-cells that identify and neutralize pathogens

A

Antibodies or Immunoglobulins

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9
Q

How does our immune system “remember”?

A

● Specific antibodies are created by B-cells in response to a specific antigen.
● During our first encounter with the antigen our bodies prompts a response via antibody production but can be slow.
● On our next encounter with the same antigen, the same antibodies will respond so symptoms are significantly reduced.

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10
Q

● Diagnostic examination of blood serum with
regards to the immune response.
● Serum is blood plasma without the clotting factors
such as fibrinogen
● Typically obtained via centrifugation of the blood plasma and used for diagnostic purposes

A

Serology

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11
Q
  • An indirect detection of the pathogen
  • Can detect past infection because antibodies can be present even after infection subsides (post infection)
A

Antibody Detection

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12
Q
  • A form of direct detection of the pathogen
  • Conducted on the onset of symptoms
  • Antigen levels in the body decreases after the infection subsides
  • Better in detecting on-going infection
A

Antigen Detection

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13
Q

Most HIV rapid self test kits (lateral flow) used within the 23-90 day period after exposure are

A

antibody tests

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14
Q

detects delayed-type hypersensitivity response mediated by T lymphocytes and, in patients with prior mycobacterial exposure

A

Tuberculin test

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15
Q

Secreted into mucous, saliva, tears,colostrum. Tags pathogens for destruction.

A

IgA

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16
Q

B-cell receptor. Stimulates release of IgM.

A

IgD

17
Q

Binds to mast cells and basophils. Allergy and antiparasitic activity.

A

IgE

18
Q

Binds to phagocytes. Main blood antibody for secondary responses. Crosses placenta.

A

IgG

19
Q

Fixes complement. Main antibody of primary responses. B-cell receptor. Immune system
memory.

A

IgM

20
Q

Antibodies bind to and inactivate viruses and toxins. These antibodies are called

A

neutralizing antibodies

21
Q

antigen-antibody complexes activate the complement system (the classical pathway), triggering its antibacterial activity.
Phagocytic cells grab the antibodies bound to the surface of foreign substances, for efficient phagocytosis.

A

Opsonization

22
Q

Techniques for Antibody/Antigen Detection:
the binding of antigen and antibody is indicated by a colorimetric reaction of an enzyme and substrate in a microplate.

The intensity of color can be measured via spectrophotometry w/c is correlated to the titers of antigen or antibody present in the sample

A

ELISA

23
Q

ELISA types

A

Direct, Indirect, Sandwich, Competitive ELISA

24
Q

Techniques for Antibody/Antigen Detection:
● Filter paper-based platform
● Detection is expressed qualitatively (+) or (-).
● Work based on affinity chromatography (relies on specific biochemical interaction e.g. antigen-antibody).
● A color reaction is observed when the target analyte reacts with biomolecule in the test.

A

Lateral Flow Assay

25
Q

Techniques for Antibody/Antigen Detection:
formation of clumps (blood or latex beads) due to presence of an antigen or antibody.

A

Agglutination test

26
Q

detection of a protein antigen immobilized on the protein-retaining membrane support such as nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
● The detection of the protein of interest relies on the binding of an antibody that specifically recognizes the protein of interest exposed on the membrane.
● This uses two sets of antibodies (primary and secondary)

A

Immunoblot or Western blot

LBYBI13 (15 decks)

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