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FUNGI Flashcards

1
Q

● Eukaryotic
● Spore-bearing, heterotrophic organisms
● Exhibit sexual/asexual reproduction
● Made up of filamentous somatic structures

A

FUNGI

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2
Q

fungi have rigid cell walls because of

A

chitinous/cellulosic

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3
Q

fungi have ____________ in their cell membrane

A

ergosterol

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4
Q

Study of mushrooms

A

Mycology

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5
Q

Unicellular, mostly reproduce by budding.
Some would form buds that would fail to detach from its mother cell forming a pseudohyphae.

A

YEAST

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6
Q

Multicellular
Produces hyphae - fundamental tube -like or filamentous structures
Mycelium/mycelia

A

MOLDS

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7
Q

mat/mass of hypha that makes up the thallus of the fungi

A

Mycelium/mycelia

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8
Q

types of hyphae

A

septate
coenocytic
septate with clamp connection
with arthroconidia and disjunctor cells

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9
Q

grow on or down into the agar surface to extract nutrients from the medium

A

vegetative hyphae

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10
Q

Grow above the surface of a medium and produce asexual reproductive spores. They make up the aerial mycelium, which produces asexual reproductive spores.

A

Aerial hyphae

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11
Q

Exhibits both unicellular (yeast) and multicellular (mold) structures

can be triggered by many factors such as temperature, oxygen concentration, nutrients etc

A

DIMORPHIC FUNGI

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12
Q

Sexual reproduction involves meiosis,
while asexual reproduction involves
mitosis

A

true

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13
Q

Sexual spores are called

A

teleomorph

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14
Q

asexual spores are called

A

anamorph

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15
Q

Two types of asexual spores:

A

Conidia
Sporangiospores

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16
Q

asexual spores
originates from phialides or transforms from vegetative cells (present in most pathogenic fungi)

A

Conidia

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17
Q

asexual spores
produced in a structure called sporangium (found in Order Mucorales)

A

Sporangiospores

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18
Q

what do
Arthrospores,
Blastoconidia
Chlamydospores
have in common

A

conidia

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19
Q

Mycelium
ZYGOMYCETES
ASCOMYCETES
BASIDIOMYCETES
DEUTEROMYCETES

A

ZYGOMYCETES
Nonseptate
ASCOMYCETES
Septate
BASIDIOMYCETES
Septate
DEUTEROMYCETES
Septate

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20
Q

Asexual spores
ZYGOMYCETES
ASCOMYCETES
BASIDIOMYCETES
DEUTEROMYCETES

A

ZYGOMYCETES
Found in sporangium; sporangiospores
ASCOMYCETES
Formed on tip of conidiophore; conidia
BASIDIOMYCETES
Formed on tip of conidiophore; conidia
DEUTEROMYCETES
Formed on tip of conidiophore; conidia

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21
Q

Sexual spores
ZYGOMYCETES
ASCOMYCETES
BASIDIOMYCETES
DEUTEROMYCETES

A

ZYGOMYCETES
Zygospores
ASCOMYCETES
Ascospores
BASIDIOMYCETES
Basidiospores
DEUTEROMYCETES
no sexual phase

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22
Q

(motile), found in terrestrial; oospores, found in aquatic forms

A

Zygospores

23
Q

contained in a saclike structure call the ascus

A

Ascospores

24
Q

carried on the outer surface of a club-shaped cell called the basidium

A

Basidiospores

25
no sexual phase observed; some members of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are included
Fungi Imperfecti
26
is important in the identification of fungi.
Gross colonial morphology
27
a growth medium used to cultivate and isolate yeasts and mold
sabouraud dextrose agar;
28
some types of media used for fungal culture:
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Corn Meal Agar (CMA) Malt Extract Agar (MEA) Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) Czapek-Dox Agar (CZ)
29
some types of media used for fungal culture: General purpose medium used for the isolation of fungi and molds. Sometimes can be too rich and will encourage mold sporulation and pigment production some dermatophytes
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)
30
some types of media used for fungal culture: used for growing a wide range of fungi, specially members of the deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfecti). Provides good balance of mycelial growth and sporulation due to less easily digestible carbohydrate
Corn Meal Agar (CMA)
31
some types of media used for fungal culture: frequently used for culturing fungi inhabiting soil and wood. _________ agar lacks peptone, and is useful for culturing Ascomycetes, where sporulation in some species can be inhibited by the presence of peptone.
Malt Extract Agar (MEA)
32
some types of media used for fungal culture: This medium is used for isolation and culture of saprophytic soil fungi
Czapek-Dox Agar (CZ)
33
Culture considerations
● Fungal cultures are incubated at room temperature ● Visible growth requires from several days to several weeks ● Cultures should be maintained in a high-humidity environment.
34
DIRECT OBSERVATION of fungi
Saline wet mount Lactophenol cotton blue wet mount Potassium hydroxide (KOH) Gram stain India ink Calcofluor white stain
35
DIRECT OBSERVATION of fungi Viewing of fungal elements (e.g. hyphae, conidia, budding cells)
Saline wet mount
36
DIRECT OBSERVATION of fungi Stain and preserve fungal elements in culture isolates
Lactophenol cotton blue wet mount
37
DIRECT OBSERVATION of fungi Used to dissolve non-fungal materials in skin, nail, and hair samples
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
38
DIRECT OBSERVATION of fungi Used to view yeasts
Gram stain
39
DIRECT OBSERVATION of fungi Stains capsules
India ink
40
DIRECT OBSERVATION of fungi Stains chitin
Calcofluor white stain
41
SLIDE PREPARATION
Tease mount method Cellophane tape method Slide culture method
42
SLIDE PREPARATION Dissecting needle is used to pull apart a fungal colony which is then placed on a slide. This method may damage fungal structures such as conidia.
Tease mount method
43
SLIDE PREPARATION Performed to transfer hyphae from the colony to a microscope slide for microscopic examination.
Cellophane tape method
44
SLIDE PREPARATION Uses a block of agar overlaid with a coverslip. Fungi are grown on the side of the agar block. Following incubation, coverslip is removed and used for microscopic examination
Slide culture method
45
Solid fungal growth on solid surfaces allows the examination and observation of gross colonial morphology among different genera of molds Variations in colonial appearance are significant in fungal identification of filamentous fungi.
Agar block method
46
AGAR BLOCK METHOD
Using an inoculating needle, aseptically cut out a small portion of the colony margin of the provided fungal culture plate. Excised colony margin should be about 1 mm square. (Hyphal tip transfers work best because this is the most active part of the culture) Transfer the square of colony margin to a sterile fungal medium and place the agar block at the center of the agar surface, withdraw the needle and flame-sterilized (Note: Necessary to kill all adhering spores and hyphae) Incubate inoculated plates at room temperature, 25ºC for 7-10 days. (Note: Do not invert the plates).
47
is used to allow examination of structural components of molds with little disturbance as possible. Spores are inoculated in the agar surface and incubated in a moist environment. Direct microscopic observation can be performed without damaging the structure.
Riddell slide culture technique
48
Riddell slide culture technique
1. Place a sheet of sterile filter paper in a petri dish using a sterile forceps (Note: Do this aseptically) 2. Place the sterile U-shaped rod on the filter paper (Note: Rod can be sterilized by flaming) 3. Pour enough sterile water on the filter paper to moisten it. 4. Aseptically, using a forcep, place a sterile slide on the U-shaped rod. 5. Sterilize a scalpel by flaming, and cut an approximately 5 mm square block of Sabouraud agar from the agar plate. Gently pick the agar block by inserting the scalpel and transfer to the center of the slide. 6. Inoculate the four slides of the agar block with spores of mycelia of the fungus to be studied and examined. (Note: Make sure to flame and cool the loop before picking up the fungal spores) 7. Place a sterile cover glass on the upper layer/surface of the inoculated agar block. 8. Cover the petri dish and incubate at room temperature for 48 hours. (Note: Remoisten filter paper when necessary during incubation) 9. Following incubation, examine the slide under low power magnification for presence of hyphae and spores. If growth is inadequate and spores are not present, extend incubation for another 24-48 hours 10. Examine each slide preparation under the microscope (PART 2B: Morphology of Fungi). Identify structures such as mycelial mat, vegetative and reproductive hyphae, and spores.
49
stain the fungal chitin in the cell wall and identification of molds can be performed on the basis of their microscopic characteristics. Fungal elements are stained intensely blue
Lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB)
50
Lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) components and functions
Lactic acid - preservative phenol - disinfectant cotton blue - stains chitin
51
tease Mount Preparation
1. Aseptically, using a bent wire or inoculating needle, carefully pick a portion of the fungus from the culture plate. 2. Transfer on a sterile slide containing a drop of lactophenol cotton blue. 3. Tease the hyphae of the fungi using the bent wire or inoculating needle. 4. Place a cover slip and examine under the microscope
52
Scotch Tape Method
1. Take a clean microscope slice and place a drop of LPCB on it. 2. Touch the adhesive side of the scotch tapes on the surface of the colony at a point between the center the periphery of the culture. 3. Fix the adhesive side on an area on the glass slide with LPCB. 4. Observe slide under the microscope.
53
colony textures
a. Glabrous (leathery) b. Velvety c. Yeast-like d. Cottony e. Granular (powdery)
54
colony topography
a. Flat b. Rugos (with radial grooves) c. Folded d. Crateriform e. Verrucose (warty, rough) f. Cerebriform (brain-like

LBYBI13 (16 decks)

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