IMMUNOHEMA Flashcards
A branch of immunology which deals with the uses of immunologic principles to study and identify the different blood groups.
Immunohematology
Other name for immunohematology
Blood Banking
reaction of the blood once it is given to another person.
immunologic principles
the production of antibodies.
immune response
the reaction of the blood once it is given to another person.
Immunohematology
Blood banking performs..
ABO and Rh typing
Prepares blood and blood components for transfusion
Blood banking
Blood components
plasma or RBC or whole blood
Who discovered ABO Blood group system
Karl Landsteiner (1900s)
received the Nobel Prize (1930)
Karl Landsteiner (1900s)
He categorized the blood groups as A, B, and O
Karl Landsteiner (1900s)
4th major ABO blood type
AB
AB Blood type was discovered by
Alfred Von De Castelo and Adriano Sturli
Foreign agent
any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it.
Antigen
A test to determine the blood type of an individual.
ABO Blood Typing
To determine antigens in the RBCs of an individual by using commercially prepared antisera of known specificity
Cell typing (Direct or Forward typing)
To determine antibodies in the serum/plasma of an individual by using RBCs of known specificity
Serum typing (Backward, Indirect typing)
contains proteins known as antibodies
serum
reacts against antigen A
Anti-A
reacts against antigen B
Anti-B
Rh Blood group system
Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Weiner (1940)
They injected rabbits with ____________ monkey RBCs and Rh antibodies were produced.
Rhesus macaque
Rh antibodies + human RBCs = AGGLUTINATION
Rh POSITIVE
Rh antibodies + human RBCs = NO AGGLUTINATION
Rh NEGATIVE
5 important Rh antigens:
D, C, E, c, e
most important and immunogenic antigen
D antigen
based on the presence and absence of the D antigen on the surface of RBCs using commercially prepared anti-D antisera
Rh Typing
Importance of Rh - used to identify cases of _________________
erythroblastosis fetalis
The disorder usually results from incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood groups
erythroblastosis fetalis
Gives to all blood groups
O-
Receives from all blood groups
AB+
Gives to AB+, A+, B+, O+
O+
Receives from O- and O+
O+
Receives from O-
O-
Receives from O-, A-, B-, AB-
AB-
Universal Platelet and Plasma donor.
AB
No antibodies
AB
It is a series of procedures designed to ensure the safety of transferring blood.
Compatibility Test
It must be performed before the transfusion of blood components
Compatibility Test
medication or drug in order to alleviate the condition of the patient of similar specie
Blood
2 compatibility test
- MAJOR CROSSMATCHING
- MINOR CROSSMATCHING
Patient serum is mixed with the donor RBCs
Detects if there are antibodies in the patient serum that can destroy the transfused RBCs from the donor
MAJOR CROSSMATCHING
PS-DR (Patient Serum - Donor’s RBC)
MAJOR CROSSMATCHING
Patient RBCs are mixed with the donor serum
Detects if there are antibodies in the donor serum that can destroy the patients RBCs
MINOR CROSSMATCHING
PR-DS (Patient’s RBC - Donor Serum)
MINOR CROSSMATCHING
The amount of blood in the human body is generally equivalent to _______ of body weight.
7% (seven percent)
Proteins in the blood
fibrinogen, albumin, globulin
Every __ seconds someone in the U.S. needs blood.
2
Only __ of eligible donors donate
5%
Losing an excessive amount of blood is known as
hemorrhagic shock
If you lose more than ___ percent of your blood, you will die.
40% (2,000 mL, or 0.53 gallons)
Effect: volume replacement and restoration of oxygen-carrying capacity.
Indications:
acute blood loss
exchange transfusions
emergency conditions (when there is no other option)
Whole blood
Effect: restoring oxygen carrying capacity
Indication: anemic conditions with hypoxia
Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC)
Indications:
sensitivity to plasma proteins
IgA deficient patients (anaphylaxis)
PNH / removal of complement factors
Washed PRBC
Indications:
febrile transfusion reactions
cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
Leukocyte-Reduced PRBC
Indications: unusual blood types multiple red cell antibodies autologous transfusion
Frozen PRBC
Indications:
Avoidance GVH
Irradiated PRBC
Effect: replacement of plasma factors
Indications:
severe bleeding in unknown factor deficiency
complex coagulation factor deficiency / DIC
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
Indications:
thrombocytopenia
platelet dysfunction
DIC
Platelet Concentrate
Indications:
fibrinogen and factor VIII supplementation
Von Willebrand disease
Cryoprecipitate
Effects: stops the bleeding, prevents haemorrhage and articular lesions
Indications:
Hemophilia A
Factor VIII. Concentrate
Indications:
Hemophilia B
Factor IX. Concentrate
